Gascony

Coordinates: 44°00′N 0°30′W / 44.0°N 0.5°W / 44.0; -0.5
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Gascony (disambiguation).

A map of Gascony, showing a wide definition of the region. Other definitions may encompass a smaller area.

Gascony (/ˈɡæskəni/; French: Gascogne [ɡaskɔɲ]; Occitan: Gasconha [ɡasˈkuɲɔ]; Basque: Gaskoinia) was a province of the southwestern Kingdom of France that succeeded the Duchy of Gascony (602–1453). From the 17th century until the French Revolution (1789–1799), it was part of the combined Province of Guyenne and Gascony. The region is vaguely defined, and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; by some they are seen to overlap, while others consider Gascony a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of Bordeaux.

It is currently divided between the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine (departments of Landes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, southwestern Gironde, and southern Lot-et-Garonne) and the region of Occitanie (departments of Gers, Hautes-Pyrénées, southwestern Tarn-et-Garonne, and western Haute-Garonne).

Gascony was historically inhabited by

Gascon language has been spoken, although it is classified as a regional variant of the Occitan language
.

Gascony is the land of

Alexandre Dumas's character d'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers, as well as the land of Cyrano de Bergerac, the eponymous character of the play by Edmond Rostand. It is also home to Henry III of Navarre, who later became king of France as Henry IV
.

History

Typical view of the hilly countryside of Gascony, with the Pyrenees mountains in the far distance

Aquitania

See also: Vascones

In

Latin: Aquitani), who spoke a non-Indo-European language
related to modern Basque.

The Aquitanians inhabited a territory limited to the north and east by the river

Ausci
tribe, in which case Aquitania would mean "land of the Ausci".

In the 50s BC, Aquitania was conquered by lieutenants of Julius Caesar and became part of the Roman Empire.

Later, in 27 BC, during the reign of Emperor

Augustus, the province of Gallia Aquitania was created. Gallia Aquitania was far larger than the original Aquitania, as it extended north of the Garonne, in fact all the way north to the river Loire, thus including the Celtic Gauls
that inhabited the regions between the rivers Garonne and Loire.

Novempopulana

Main article:
Novempopulana

In 297, as Emperor

Aquitanica II
. The territory of Novempopulania corresponded quite well to what we call now Gascony.

The Aquitania Novempopulana or Novempopulania suffered like the rest of the Western Roman Empire from the invasions of Germanic tribes, most notably the Vandals in 407–409. In 416–418, Novempopulania was delivered to the Visigoths as their federate settlement lands and became part of the Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, while other than the region of the Garonne river their actual grip on the area may have been rather loose.

The Visigoths were defeated by the

Frankish Kingdom like the rest of southern France. However, Novempopulania was far away from the home base of the Franks in northern France, and was only very loosely controlled by the Franks. During all the troubled and historically obscure period, starting from early 5th-century accounts, the bagaudae
are often cited, social uprisings against tax exaction and feudalization, largely associated to Vasconic unrest.

Duchy of Gascony

Main article: Duchy of Gascony
See also:
Basque people in the Early Middle Ages
The Duchy was meant to hold sway over the Basques (Vascones).

Old historical literature[

example needed] sometimes[when?] claims the Basques took control of the whole of Novempopulania in the Early Middle Ages, founding its claims on the testimony of Gregory of Tours
, on the etymological link between the words "Basque" and "Gascon" – both derived from "Vascones" or "Wasconia", the latter being used to name the whole of Novempopulania.

Modern historians reject this hypothesis, which is sustained by no archeological evidence. For Juan José Larrea, and Pierre Bonnassie, "a Vascon expansionism in Aquitany is not proved and is not necessary to understand the historical evolution of this region".[1] This Basque-related culture and race is, whatever the origin, attested in (mainly Carolingian) Medieval documents, while their exact boundaries remain unclear ("Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant" -- "Wascones, who live across the Garonne and around the Pyrenees mountains", as stated in the Royal Frankish Annals, for one).[2]

The word Vasconia evolved into Wasconia, and then into Gasconia

Basque Country traditionally call anyone who does not speak Basque a "Gascon".[citation needed
]

Meanwhile, Viking raiders conquered several Gascon towns, among them Bayonne in 842–844. Their attacks in Gascony may have helped the political disintegration of the duchy until their defeat by

William II Sánchez of Gascony
in 982. In turn, the weakened ethnic polity known as Duchy of Wasconia/Wascones, unable to get around the general spread of feudalization, gave way to a myriad of counties founded by Gascon lords.

Angevin Empire

Main article: Angevin Empire
Homage of Edward I (kneeling) to Philip IV (seated)
Coat of arms of Gascony

The 1152 marriage of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine allowed the former to gain control of his new wife's possessions of Aquitaine and Gascony. This addition to his already plentiful holdings made Henry the most powerful vassal in France.[4]

In 1248,

Gaston de Bearn, who had taken control of the Pyrenees.[5]

In December 1259,

King John
.

In May 1286,

King Edward I paid homage before the new king, Philip IV of France, for the lands in Gascony. However, in May 1294, Philip confiscated the lands. Between 1294 and 1298, Edward sent three expeditionary forces to recover Gascony, but Philip was able to retain most of the territory until the Treaty of Paris in 1303.[7]

In 1324 when Edward II of England, in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine, failed to pay homage to the French king after a dispute, Charles IV declared the duchy forfeit at the end of June 1324, and military action by the French followed. Edward sent his wife Isabella, who was sister to the French king, to negotiate a settlement. The Queen departed for France on 9 March 1325, and in September was joined by her son, the heir to the throne, Prince Edward (later Edward III of England). Isabella's negotiations were successful, and it was agreed that the young Prince Edward would perform homage in the king's place, which he did on 24 September and so the duchy was returned to the English crown.[8]

When France's Charles IV died in 1328 leaving only daughters, his nearest male relative was Edward III of England, the son of Isabella, the sister of the dead king; but the question arose whether she could legally transmit the inheritance of the throne of France to her son even though she herself, as a woman, could not inherit the throne. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and it was decided that he should be crowned

Hundred Years War between England and France.[9][10] At the end of the Hundred Years' War, after Gascony had changed hands several times, the English were finally defeated at the Battle of Castillon on 17 July 1453; Gascony remained French from then on.[11]

Province of Guyenne and Gascony

Further information: Guyenne
Flag of Gascony, Union Gascona (Gascon Union)

From the 17th century onwards, the government of Gascony

Ancien Régime in 1792.[13]

Geography

Current communes and departments included in the ancient province of Gascony

Gascony is limited by the

Gascon language, it extends to the Garonne (North), and close to the Ariège (river) (East) from the Pyrenees to the confluence of the Garonne with the Ariège. The other most important river is Adour, along with its tributaries Gave de Pau and Gave d'Oloron
.

The most important towns are:

Dax and Tarbes are crossed by the Adour. Pau and Lourdes are crossed by the Gave de Pau. Mont-de-Marsan also belongs to the drainage basin of the Adour. The Gers (river), a tributary of the Garonne, flows through Auch
.

References

  1. ^ Juan José Larrea, Pierre Bonnassie: La Navarre du IVe au XIIe siècle: peuplement et société, pp. 123-129, De Boeck Université, 1998.
  2. ^ "The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050". The Library of Iberian Resources Online. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  3. ^ "History of Vasconia". Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  4. ^ Harvey, The Plantagenets, p. 47.
  5. ISBN 1-872031-35-8
    .
  6. ISBN 1-872031-35-8
    .
  7. ISBN 1-872031-35-8
    .
  8. ISBN 978-1-8438-3530-1
    .
  9. ISBN 978-0-521-20963-2
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-8122-1655-4
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-313-32736-0
    .
  12. ^ Bémont, Charles (1911). "Gascony" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 494–495.
  13. ^ a b  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Guienne". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 689–690.

External links

  • Media related to Gascogne at Wikimedia Commons
  • The dictionary definition of Gascony at Wiktionary

44°00′N 0°30′W / 44.0°N 0.5°W / 44.0; -0.5

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