National Revolutionary Movement for Development
National Revolutionary Movement for Development Mouvement révolutionaire national pour le développement | |
---|---|
President | Juvénal Habyarimana (1975–1994) Théodore Sindikubwabo (1994) |
Vice President | Eduoard Karemera |
Founder | Juvénal Habyarimana |
Founded | July 5, 1975 |
Banned | July 15, 1994 |
Preceded by | Parmehutu |
Succeeded by | Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (not legal successor) |
Headquarters | Kigali, Rwanda |
Newspaper | Kangura RTLM (Radio) |
Youth wing | Interahamwe |
Ideology | Hutu Power Totalitarianism[1] Social conservatism[2] Anti-communism[3] |
Political position | Far-right |
Colours | Black |
Party flag | |
| ||
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President of Rwanda 1973–1994
Government
Presidential elections Battles/wars
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The National Revolutionary Movement for Development (French: Mouvement révolutionnaire national pour le développement, MRND) was the ruling political party of Rwanda from 1975 to 1994 under President Juvénal Habyarimana, running with first Vice President Édouard Karemera. From 1978 to 1991, the MRND was the only legal political party in the country. It was dominated by Hutus, particularly from President Habyarimana's home region of Northern Rwanda. The elite group of MRND party members who were known to have influence on the President and his wife are known as the akazu.[4] In 1991, the party was renamed the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (French: Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement, MRND or MRNDD).
Following the Rwandan genocide in 1994, the party was banned.
History
The party was established by Habyarimana on 5 July 1975,
The party's name was changed after the legalisation of opposition parties in 1991. The youth wing of the party, the interahamwe, later developed into a militia group that played a key role in the Genocide against Tutsi.[7] After Habyarimana's death in April 1994, hardline elements of the party were among the chief architects of the genocide; the Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (CDR), which played a significant role, was originally a hard-line faction of the MRND that became a separate party.
After Rwanda was conquered by the rival Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front led by Paul Kagame, both the MRND and the CDR were driven from power and banned in July 1994.[11]
Ideology
Habyarimana was described as relatively
Structure
Habyarimana was the president of the party, and as such was the only candidate for president of the republic. However, in a minor concession to democracy, voters were presented with two MRND candidates at Legislative Assembly elections.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
Election | Party candidate | Votes | % | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1978 | Juvénal Habyarimana | 98.99% | Elected | |
1983 | 99.97% | Elected | ||
1988 | 99.98% | Elected |
Chamber of Deputies elections
Election | Party leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1981 | Juvénal Habyarimana | 2,100,770 | 100% | 64 / 64
|
64 | 1st | Sole legal party |
1983 | 2,364,592 | 100% | 70 / 70
|
6 | 1st | Sole legal party | |
1988 | 2,701,682 | 100% | 70 / 70
|
1st | Sole legal party |
See also
- Parmehutu
- Edouard Karemera
- Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
References
- ^ "Peasant Ideology and Genocide in Rwanda Under Habyarimana" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-10-30.
- ^ )
- ^ ISBN 9780865850286.
- )
- ISBN 9780299298203.
- ^ Mckinney, Stephanie L. (2012). Narrating genocide on the streets of Kigali. Routledge. p. 161.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Niesen, Peter (2013). Political party bans in Rwanda 1994–2003: three narratives of justification. Routledge. p. 113.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Aimable Twagilimana (2007) Historical Dictionary of Rwanda, Scarecrow Press, p. 116.
- ^ Constitution de la République Rwandaise du 20 décembre 1978, Art. 7: "Tout Rwandais est de plein droit membre du Mouvement révolutionnaire national pour le développement."
- ^ Elections in Rwanda African Elections Database
- ^ Robert E. Gribbin (2005) In the Aftermath of Genocide: The U.S. Role in Rwanda, iUniverse, p153
- ISBN 0812233824.
- ^ ISBN 0822326132.
- ^ Somerville, Keith (2012). Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred: Historical Development and Definitions. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 167.