New Jewel Movement
New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation | |
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Far-left | |
National affiliation | People's Alliance (1976) |
Colours |
|
Slogan | "Forward ever, backward never! (French: En avant jambes, en arrière jamais!) |
The New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation, or New JEWEL Movement (NJM), was a
.Established in 1973, the NJM issued its manifesto prior to the
Origin
The New JEWEL Movement (NJM) was formally established on 11 March 1973 as an alliance of the Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL), Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation, and the Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP),
Revolution
In 1979, the NJM launched a revolution against the government of
Shortly after taking power, the government looked to Cuba for assistance because Bishop had been refused aid in a meeting with American President Ronald Reagan. Cuban construction workers were brought in to assist in the construction of a new international airport.[citation needed] The new government formed the People's Revolutionary Army, granting them "the powers of arrest and search as are vested in the members of the Royal Grenada Police Force."[7]
The leaders of the U.S. government, and several other Caribbean nations, expressed discontent over the NJM government, such as its relations with Cuba and alleged military expansion.
Bishop's fall and the American intervention
In 1983, a dispute developed within the NJM. Bishop's critics, led by deputy prime minister Bernard Coard, attempted to convince him to enter into a power-sharing agreement with Coard, wherein they would be co-equal leaders of the country. Bishop rejected this idea, and the split at the top level of the NJM led to serious political problems within the party and the government. Eventually, Coard ordered Bishop put under house arrest.
The removal of Bishop led to demonstrations in various parts of the country. The demonstrations grew to a point where Bishop was eventually freed. In unclear circumstances, Bishop made his way to the army headquarters. Eventually a military force from elsewhere in Grenada arrived at the headquarters and fighting broke out. Many civilians were killed. Bishop, along with government ministers, Fitzroy Bain, Nelson Steele (George), Norris Bain, Evelyn Bullen, the reportedly pregnant Jacqueline Creft, Keith Hayling, Evelyn Maitland, and Unison Whiteman were lined up in a courtyard against a wall for a considerable period of time. They were then executed by a firing squad.
Bishop's execution was followed by the formation of a military government under
Seventeen political and military officials of the military government (the Grenada 17) were later tried and convicted of being responsible for the deaths of Bishop and the other seven executed persons.[citation needed]
Foreign policy
The New Jewel Movement worked closely with Cuba to provide assistance to left-wing revolutionary movements such as the
References
- ISBN 0-8133-0225-0.
identifying symbol of the NJM revolution appeared everywhere: a white flag containing a red disc.
- doi:10.2307/25605753. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
He also stood on a small raised platform painted red, green and gold, putting him slightly above the militia men and women standing in for mation on the field. Not only was Strachan's stature literally raised, he was as sociated with the national flag/rasta colours. Since many members of the militia were youths who identified themselves with the Rastafarian movement, it was likely that the PRG was trying to associate the revolution with rasta ideology
- ^ "The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement", The Grenada Revolution Online.
- Greenwood Press.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6.
- ISBN 9780860918844.
- ISBN 9781135338053 – via Google Books.
- ISBN 0-674-89325-5.