People's Republic of Angola
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People's Republic of Angola República Popular de Angola | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1975–1992 | |||||||||
.svg) Coat of arms | |||||||||
Anthem:
| |||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1975–1979 | Agostinho Neto | ||||||||
• 1979–1992 | José Eduardo dos Santos | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1975–1978 | Lopo do Nascimento | ||||||||
• 1991–1992 | Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem | ||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
• Independence from Portugal | 11 November 1975 | ||||||||
| 22 November 1976 | |||||||||
| 25 August 1992 | |||||||||
| Currency | Kwanza | ||||||||
| Driving side | right | ||||||||
| Calling code | 244 | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | AO | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The People's Republic of Angola (Portuguese: República Popular de Angola) was the self-declared socialist state which governed Angola from its independence in 1975 until 25 August 1992, during the Angolan Civil War.
History
War of Independence, 1961-1975
In 1961, the
Civil War, 1975-1991
During the independence war, the three pro-independent groups sometimes fought each other, in addition to the Portuguese. Following the Alvor Accords, the relationship between these groups deteriorated further. In July 1975, the MPLA violently forced the FNLA out of Luanda, while UNITA voluntarily withdrew to its stronghold in the south. By August, the MPLA had conquered 11 of the 15 provincial capitals, including the capital city
On 11 November 1975,
The Cuban intervention, which would eventually number 18,000, was key in securing the MPLA's positions and repelling the advances of FNLA and UNITA. South Africa began withdrawing its troops in January 1976. The MPLA, with Cuban help, consolidated power over the whole country capturing all of Angola's provincial capitals, including Huambo on 8 February. Without South African support, UNITA was weakened and withdrew into the bush to fight a guerrilla war where they continued to be supplied by South Africa and the United States.[9][10]
Factionalism within the MPLA became a major challenge to Neto's power by late 1975. Interior minister
During the civil war, South Africa would launch large-scale operations in Angola to attack SWAPO guerrillas who were fighting for Namibian independence from South Africa. They would also launch operations in support of UNITA guerrillas while Cuban forces remained in Angola in support of government military operations. In January 1984, an agreement was negotiated. South Africa obtained from Angola a promise to withdraw its support for the SWAPO in exchange for the evacuation of all South African troops from Angola, however South Africa continued to launch raids into Angola.[14]
In 1988, the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, where the MPLA and Cuba battled UNITA and South Africa to a stalemate, led to the Tripartite Accord, which secured Namibia's independence and the withdrawal of Cuban and South African forces from Angola.[15][16]
In 1991, the MPLA and UNITA signed the peace agreement known as the
Economy
The Angolan government manged its oil windfall effectively. The trade balance remained profitable and external debt was kept within reasonable limits. In 1985, debt service amounted to $324 million, or about 15% of exports.[14]
Education
A major effort was made in the field of adult education and literacy, particularly in urban centres. In 1986, the number of primary school students exceeded one and a half million, and nearly half a million adults learned to read and write. The language of instruction remained mainly Portuguese, but experiments were tried to introduce the study of local African languages from the first years of schooling. Relations between the churches and the ruling party remained relatively calm.[14]
See also
References
- ^ "Lei 5/72, 1972-06-23". Diário da República Eletrónico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8157-7593-5.
- ISBN 978-0-8133-3335-9.)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISBN 978-1-58648-246-6.
- ^ Bourne, Peter G. (1986), Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro, New York City: Dodd, Mead & Company, pp. 281, 284–287.
- ^ Mwaura, Ndirangu (2005). Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa. pp. 222–223.
- ^ Crocker, Chester A.; Hampson, Fen Osler; Aall, Pamela R. (2005). Grasping The Nettle: Analyzing Cases Of Intractable Conflict. p. 213.
- ISBN 978-1-4438-6671-2. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-299-10113-8.
- ^ "Involvement in the Angolan Civil War, Zaire: A Country Study". United States Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2013.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-35015-0.
- ^ "The orphans of Angola's secret massacre seek the truth". BBC News. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-78076-905-9.
- ^ a b c Fernando Andresen Guimaráes, The Origins of the Angolan Civil War : Foreign Intervention and Domestic Political Conflict, Basingstoke & Londres, Houndsmills, 1998.
- ISBN 978-0-7453-1247-7.
- ^ "Agreement among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa (Tripartite Agreement)". United Nations.
- ^ French, Howard W. (3 March 2002). "The World; Exit Savimbi, and the Cold War in Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
- ^ National Society for Human Rights, Ending the Angolan Conflict, Windhoek, Namibia, 3 July 2000
- ^ Lucier, James P (29 April 2002). "Chevron oil and the Savimbi problem". Insight on the News. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.
- ^ M1 Historical Dictionary of Angola by W. Martin James, Susan Herlin Broadhead Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine on Google Books
- ^ "Angola (1975–2002)" (PDF).