People's Republic of Bulgaria
People's Republic of Bulgaria Народна република България | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1946–1990 | |||||||||
Anthem:
Vulko Chervenkov | |||||||||
• 1954–1989 | Todor Zhivkov | ||||||||
• 1989–1990 | Petar Mladenov | ||||||||
• 1990 | Aleksandar Lilov | ||||||||
Head of state | |||||||||
• 1946–1947 (first) | Vasil Kolarov | ||||||||
• 1990 (last) | Zhelyu Zhelev | ||||||||
Head of government | |||||||||
• 1946–1949 (first) | Georgi Dimitrov | ||||||||
• 1990 (last) | Andrey Lukanov | ||||||||
Legislature | National Assembly State Council (1971–1990) | ||||||||
Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
15 September 1946 | |||||||||
18 May 1971 | |||||||||
15 November 1990 | |||||||||
12 July 1991 | |||||||||
Area | |||||||||
• Total | 110,994 km2 (42,855 sq mi) | ||||||||
• Water (%) | 0.3 | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1946 | 7,029,349 | ||||||||
• 1989 | 8,987,000 | ||||||||
HDI (1989) | 0.918[1] very high | ||||||||
Currency | Bulgarian lev | ||||||||
Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) | ||||||||
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) | ||||||||
Driving side | right | ||||||||
Calling code | +359 | ||||||||
ISO 3166 code | BG | ||||||||
|
History of Bulgaria |
---|
|
|
Main category Bulgaria portal |
The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB;
The BCP modeled its policies after those of the Soviet Union, transforming the country over the course of a decade from an
In 1989, after a few years of liberal influence, political reforms were initiated and
History
On 1 March 1941, the
.The estimate for the number of partisans (armed guerrilla fighters) at any one time in Bulgaria is 18,000.[2]
Communist coup
In 1944, with the
Early years and Chervenkov era
After taking power, the Fatherland Front formed a coalition led by former Prime Minister
On 1 February 1945,
These revolutionary attacks strengthened when it became apparent that the
In September 1946, the monarchy was abolished by
The Agrarians refused to co-operate with the authorities, and in June 1947 their leader
During 1948–1949,
Dimitrov died in 1949 and for a time Bulgaria adopted collective leadership.
Macedonization in Pirin Macedonia
In 1946,
Cultural autonomy must be granted to Pirin Macedonia within the framework of Bulgaria. Tito has shown himself more flexible than you – possibly because he lives in a multiethnic state and has had to give equal rights to the various peoples. Autonomy will be the first step towards the unification of Macedonia, but in view of the present situation there should be no hurry on this matter. Otherwise, in the eyes of the Macedonian people the whole mission of achieving Macedonian autonomy will remain with Tito and you will get the criticism. You seem to be afraid of Kimon Georgiev, you have involved yourselves too much with him and do not want to give autonomy to Pirin Macedonia. That a Macedonian consciousness has not yet developed among the population is of no account. No such consciousness existed in Byelorussia either when we proclaimed it a Soviet Republic. However, later it was shown that a Byelorussian people did, in fact, exist.[11]
The government used force, threats and intimidation, branding opponents of the policy as fascists and chauvinists. Some were resettled as far as
Bulgaria adopted the Communist policy of closer rapprochement with Yugoslavia. Dimitrov then launched the initiative of a Balkan Federation that would range from Pirin to the Šar Mountains and reflect a Macedonian consciousness. For this purpose, he launched a policy of forced Macedonisation of the Bulgarian population in the Pirin region through conscious change of ethnic self-determination, held by means of administrative coercion and intensive propaganda.[citation needed]
In December 1946, he conducted a census in Pirin. State authorities instructed the local population in the Pirin region to mark administrative records such as "Macedonian", including Pomaks, with the exception of those originating within the country. At its meeting on 21 December, the Regional Committee of the Workers' Party in Upper Cuma decided to accept a formula indicating 70% of residents were "Macedonians". As a result, among the 281,015 inhabitants, 169,444 were identified as ethnic Macedonians.[citation needed]
In 1947, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia signed agreements whereby Pirin Macedonia became part of federal Yugoslavia, which proceeded to unify Pirin Macedonia with Vardar Macedonia and abolished visa regimes and removed customs services.[citation needed]
Shortly thereafter – in 1948, due to the rupture in relations between Tito and Stalin, the contract was dissolved. For a while, BCP and the Bulgarian state held contradictory, policy on the Macedonian issue. In 1963, at the March Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Zhivkov declared that the population in Pirin Macedonia was part of Bulgaria that was forced by the Communist Party.[citation needed]
1971–1989
According to declassified documents, Bulgaria planned on fomenting a crisis between Turkey and Greece in 1971. The operation was codenamed "Cross" and the plan was that Bulgarian secret agents would set fire in the
In 1971, the new "Zhivkovskata" Constitution added so-called "Article 1", which grants the PA as the sole ruling a "leading force of society and the state". Zhivkov was promoted to Head of State (Chairman of the State Council) and Stanko Todorov became Prime Minister.
Bulgaria signed the Helsinki Accords in 1975, which guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms, including freedom of movement, contacts, information, culture and education, right to work, and the rights to education and medical care. However, subsequent events regarding Bulgarian Turks in the 1980s were a direct violation of these commitments.
In 1978, Bulgaria attracted international attention when dissident writer Georgi Markov was accosted on a London street by a stranger who rammed his leg with the tip of an umbrella. Markov died shortly afterwards of ricin poisoning. He was the victim of the Bulgarian secret service, as confirmed by KGB documents revealing that they had jointly planned the operation with Bulgaria.
The Bulgarian People's Army sided with the Soviet Union and the Afghan communists during the Soviet–Afghan War in Afghanistan fighting the jihadist guerrillas from 1982 until its withdrawal in 1989.[13]
End of the People's Republic
By the 1980s, the conservatives controlled the government. Some social and cultural liberalization and progress was led by Lyudmila Zhivkova, Todor's daughter, who became a source of strong disapproval and annoyance to the Communist Party due to her unorthodox lifestyle that included the practicing of Eastern religions. She died in 1981, approaching her 39th birthday.
A campaign of forced assimilation was waged against the ethnic Turkish minority, who were forbidden to speak the Turkish language
In the late 1980s, the Communists, like their leader, had grown too feeble to resist the demand for change. Liberal outcry at the breakup of an environmental demonstration in Sofia in October 1989 broadened into a general campaign for political reform. More moderate elements in the Communist leadership reacted by deposing Zhivkov and replacing him with foreign minister Petar Mladenov on 10 November 1989.
This move gained a short respite for the Communist Party and prevented revolutionary change. Mladenov promised to open up the regime, stating that he supported multi-party elections. Demonstrations throughout the country led Mladenov to announce that the Communist Party would cede its monopoly over the political system. On 15 January 1990, the National Assembly formally amended the legal code to abolish the Communist Party's "leading role". In June 1990, the first multi-party elections since 1939 were held. Finally on 15 November 1990, the seventh Grand National Assembly voted to change the country's name to the Republic of Bulgaria and removed the Communist state emblem from the national flag.[16]
A 2009 poll conducted by the Pew Global Attitudes Project found that only 11% of Bulgarians believe ordinary people benefited from the 1989 transition. Sixteen percent say the state is run for the benefit of all people, down from 55% in 1991.[17] However, a 2019 poll conducted by the Pew Global Attitudes Project found that 55 percent of Bulgarians approved of the shift to a market economy and 54 percent approved of the shift to multiparty democracy.[18]
Government and politics
The constitution was changed two times, with the Zhivkov Constitution lasting the longest. According to article 1, "The People's Republic of Bulgaria is a socialist state, headed by the working people of the village and the city. The leading force in society and politics is the Bulgarian Communist Party." The BCP created an extensive nomenklatura on each organizational level.
The PRB functioned as a one-party people's republic, with People's Committees representing local governance. Their role was to exercise Party decisions in their respective areas and to otherwise defer to popular opinion in decision-making. In the late 1980s, the BCP had an estimated peak membership of 1,000,000 — more than 10% of the population.
Military
In 1946, the military rapidly adopted a Soviet military doctrine and organization. The country received large amounts of Soviet weaponry, and eventually established a domestic military vehicle production capability. By the year 1988, the Bulgarian People's Army (Българска народна армия) numbered 152,000 men,[19] serving in four different branches – Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, and Missile Forces.
The BPA operated 3,000
Economy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 (Jan. to May) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Soviet Union | 95.2% | 66% | 51.9% | 41.5% |
Eastern Europe | 2.3% | 17% | 33.7% | 34.2% |
Britain | – | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.3% |
United States | – | 5.2% | 6.0% | 0.2% |
Total | 12,397,00 | 14,942,000 | 24,532,740 | 12,127,909 |
1945 | 1946 | 1947 | 1948 (Jan. to May) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Soviet Union | 79.6% | 81.9% | 60.6% | 58.9% |
Eastern Europe | 6.8% | 8.8% | 26.9% | 26.2% |
Britain | – | – | 0.7% | 1.0% |
United States | – | 3.5% | 1.3% | 1.1% |
Total | 5,820,000 | 17,514,000 | 21,415,418 | 16,968,786 |
The PRB adopted a
Bulgarian agricultural productivity increased rapidly after collectivisation. Large-scale mechanisation resulted in an immense growth in labour productivity.[24] Government subsidies covered the large losses from the artificially low consumer prices.
Chervenkov's
Bulgaria was involved in computer construction, which earned it the nickname "Silicon Valley of the Eastern Bloc".
In the 1960s, Zhivkov introduced reforms that had a positive effect on the country's economy. He put emphasis on
Despite relative stability, the economy shared the same drawbacks of other countries from Eastern Europe – it traded almost entirely with the Soviet Union (more than 60%) and planners could not take into account whether there were markets for the goods produced. This resulted in surpluses of certain products, while other commodities were in deficit.
The other main trade partners were
PRB had an average GDP per capita for an Eastern Bloc country. Average
Along the improvements on agriculture and the growth of productivity, the GDP per capita grew from $1.864 to $10.800 in 1989, peaking in 1984, when the GDP per capita was about $11.100.
From the mid-1950s until the end of the 1970s the growth was constant, until the 1970s energy crisis hit the country. The crisis along with some structural problems, reduced the growth during the 1980s.
Automotive industry
Since 1965, Renault and Fiat chose Bulgaria to site their factories to make automobiles for sale in the Eastern Bloc partnership.
- Bulgarrenault started in 1966 until 1971 making cars based on Renault 8 and Renault 10. The factories were in Plovdiv. In the end around 6500 cars were produced. The Bulgarian version of Alpine A110 was also made under the marque Bulgaralpine.
- In 1967, Pirin-Fiat built around 730 cars until 1971 from the models Fiat 850 and Fiat 124.
- In 1968, a contract was signed between the Bulgarian government and Moskvitch 2141(from which around 12,000 cars were produced by 1990).
Culture
Culture in PRB was strictly regulated by the government, although there were some periods of liberalization (meaning entrance in Bulgaria of Western literature, music, etc.). The thaw in intellectual life had continued from 1951 until the middle of the decade.[citation needed] Chervenkov's resignation and the literary and cultural flowering in the Soviet Union created expectations that the process would continue, but the Hungarian revolution of fall 1956 ended the experiment.
Chervenkov was appointed minister of education and culture. In 1957 and 1958, he purged the leadership of the Bulgarian Writers' Union and dismissed liberal journalists and editors from their positions. His crackdowns effectively ended the "Bulgarian thaw" of independent writers and artists inspired by Khrushchev's 1956 speech against Stalinism.
See also
References
- ^ Human Development Report 1990, p. 111
- ISBN 978-0-253-21359-4.
- ^ a b Hanna Arendt Centre in Sofia, with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev. Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria. Country report. "Crimes of the Communist Regimes" Conference. 24–26 February 2010, Prague.
- ISBN 978-0-8014-6717-2.
- ISBN 978-3-8258-4010-5.
- ISBN 978-0-271-03883-4.
- ISBN 978-954-28-0543-4.
- ^ a b "Bulgaria – Table A. Chronology of Important Events". Country-data.com. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- . Retrieved 14 February 2023.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Bulgaria, the early communist era
- ^ Stalin to Bulgarian Delegation (G. Dimitrov, V. Korarov, T. Kostov) on 7 June 1946.
- ^ "COMMUNIST BULGARIA'S INTELLIGENCE PLOTTED GREECE – TURKEY CONFLICT BY SETTING ON FIRE ECUMENICAL PATRIARCHATE OF CONSTANTINOPLE, SECRET FILES REVEAL". Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ^ "TROOPS OF 5 SOVIET ALLIES REPORTED FIGHTING GUERILLAS IN AFGHANISTAN". The New York Times. 20 December 1982. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ^ Crampton, R.J., A Concise History of Bulgaria, 2005, pp.205, Cambridge University Press
- ^ "1990 CIA World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
- ^ "UK Home Office Immigration and Nationality Directorate Country Assessment – Bulgaria". United Kingdom Home Office. 1 March 1999. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ^ Brunwasser, Matthew (11 November 2009). "Bulgaria Still Stuck in Trauma of Transition". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
Questioned whether free markets made people better off, only 37 percent of Bulgarians agreed. And when asked about the move away from the state-controlled economy, 54 percent of Bulgarians approved, compared with 46 percent of Hungarians. Only 11 percent of Bulgarians agreed that ordinary people had benefited from the changes in 1989. And asked whether the state was run for the benefit of all people, 16 percent of Bulgarians agreed, down from 55 percent in 1991.
- ^ Mitchell, Travis (15 October 2019). "European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ "Bulgaria – Military Personnel". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ [1] Archived 13 December 2012 at archive.today
- ^ [2] Archived 13 December 2012 at archive.today
- ^ [3] Archived 12 December 2012 at archive.today
- ^ a b Wolff, Robert Lee (1967). The Balkans in our Time. Cambridge. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 343.
- ^ "Agricultural policies in Bulgaria in post Second World War years" (PDF). Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. p. 5. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ^ "How communist Bulgaria became a leader in tech and sci-fi – Victor Petrov | Aeon Essays". Aeon. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ Anonymous (11 April 2018). "Shaping Europe's digital future: Bulgaria as a computing hub building on its strong ICT tradition". Shaping Europe's digital future – European Commission. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ Fiscutean, Andrada. "How these communist-era Apple II clones helped shape central Europe's IT sector". ZDNet. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ "Bulgaria: Soviet Silicon Valley Revived". Novinite.com. Sofia News Agency. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "Coca-Cola България". www.coca-cola.bg.
- ^ "Bulgarian Trade with Developed Non-Communist Countries (Archived copy)". Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2009. (Dead Link)
- ^ "Living Standards". Lcweb2.loc.gov. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
- ^ "Intellectual life". Lcweb2.loc.gov.
- ^ "わたくし斎藤さんがAGA治療にオススメするプロペシア時々ミノキシジル". www.fmje.org (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 October 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ^ building, Visiting address Niels Treschow; Floor, 8th; Phone, room 803 Niels Henrik Abels vei 36 0371 OSLO Norway Mail address P. O. Box 1003 Blindern 0315 OSLO Norway. "9 September, People's Republic of Bulgaria – Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages". www.hf.uio.no. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISBN 9781565181847.
- ISBN 9780198205142.
- ^ "Summer Expedition to Communist Monuments of Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria 2017/2018". www.academiccourses.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- ^ vilis (7 July 2016). "Communist era monuments of Bulgaria". GlobalGaz. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Works cited
- Maddison, Angus (2006). The world economy. OECD Publishing. ISBN 92-64-02261-9.
External links
- The Cold War International History Project's Document Collection on Bulgaria During the Cold War
- "Bulgarian Trade with Developed Non-Communist Countries". 26 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2017.