Nigel Kneale
Nigel Kneale | |
---|---|
The Late Show | |
Born | Thomas Nigel Kneale 18 April 1922 Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire, England |
Died | 29 October 2006 London, England | (aged 84)
Pen name | Nigel Neale |
Occupation | Screenwriter |
Period | 1946–1997 |
Genre | Horror, science fiction, thriller |
Spouse | |
Children | 2, including Matthew Kneale |
Thomas Nigel Kneale (18 April 1922 – 29 October 2006[1]) was a Manx[2][3] screenwriter who wrote professionally for more than 50 years, was a winner of the Somerset Maugham Award, and was twice nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay.
Predominantly a writer of
Kneale was most active in television, joining
Biography
Early life
Kneale was born Thomas Nigel Kneale in
1946–1950: Acting career
On 25 March 1946 Kneale made his first broadcast on
After graduating from RADA, Kneale worked for a short time as a professional actor performing in small roles at the
Following this success, Kneale gave up acting to write full-time.
1950–1953: Kneale's early BBC screenplay work
His first professional script writing credit came when he wrote the radio drama The Long Stairs, broadcast by the BBC on 1 March 1950 and based on an historical mining disaster on the Isle of Man.[9] In 1951 he was recruited as one of the first staff writers to be employed by BBC Television;[19] before he started working for the station, Kneale had never seen any television.[20] Kneale was initially a general-purpose writer, working on adaptations of books and stage plays and even writing material for light entertainment and children's programmes. The following year, Michael Barry became the Head of Drama at BBC Television, and spent his entire first year's script budget of £250 to hire Kneale as a full-time writer for the drama department.[14] Kneale's first credited role in adult television drama was providing "additional dialogue" for the play Arrow to the Heart, broadcast on 20 July 1952.[21] This play was adapted and directed by the Austrian television director Rudolph Cartier, who had also joined the staff of the BBC drama department in 1952.[22]
Kneale's "lost" radio play You Must Listen, broadcast in 1952, was re-broadcast in a new production by BBC Radio 4 on 20 September 2023.
1953: The Quatermass Experiment
Kneale wrote The Quatermass Experiment, which was broadcast in six half-hour episodes in July and August 1953.[23] The serial told the story of Professor Bernard Quatermass of the British Experimental Rocket Group, and the consequences of his sending the first crewed mission into space where a terrible fate befalls the crew and only one returns. The Quatermass Experiment was one of the first adult television science-fiction productions,[24] held a large television audience gripped across its six weeks,[12] and has been described by the Museum of Broadcast Communications as dramatising "a new range of gendered fears about Britain's postwar and post-colonial security."[25] Kneale chose the character's surname because many Manx surnames began with "Qu";[26] the actual name itself was picked from a London telephone directory.[26] The Professor's first name was chosen in honour of the astronomer Bernard Lovell.[26]
The BBC recognised the success of the serial, particularly in the context of the impending arrival of
In the autumn of 1955, Hammer Film Productions released The Quatermass Xperiment, their film adaptation of the serial.[29] Kneale was not pleased with the film,[9] and particularly disliked the casting of Brian Donlevy as Quatermass, as he explained in a 1986 interview. "[Donlevy] was then really on the skids and didn't care what he was doing. He took very little interest in the making of the films or in playing the part. It was a case of take the money and run. Or in the case of Mr Donlevy, waddle."[30]
1953–1956: Later BBC works
Kneale and Cartier next collaborated on an adaptation of
The Creature—an original script by Kneale concerning the legend of the
Quatermass II was Kneale's final original script for the BBC as a staff writer.[21] He left the corporation when his contract expired at the end of 1956;[38] "Five years in that hut was as much as any sane person could stand," he later told an interviewer.[39]
1956–1958: Further Quatermass works
The same year that he left the BBC, Kneale wrote his first feature film screenplay, adapting Quatermass II for Hammer Film Productions along with producer Anthony Hinds and director Val Guest.[39] Hinds and Guest had overseen the first Quatermass film, upon which Kneale had been unable to work due to his BBC staff contract.[39] Kneale was disappointed that Brian Donlevy also returned in the role of Quatermass.[39] The film premiered at the end of May 1957,[40] and was reviewed positively in The Times: "The writer of the original story, Mr Nigel Kneale, and the director, Mr Val Guest, between them keep things moving at the right speed, without digressions. The film has an air of respect for the issues touched on, and this impression is confirmed by the acting generally."[41] 1957 also saw the release of another cinematic collaboration between Kneale and Guest, when Kneale adapted his 1955 BBC play The Creature into The Abominable Snowman; in this case, Hammer retained the star of the BBC version, Peter Cushing.[30]
In May 1957, Kneale was contracted by the BBC to write a third Quatermass serial,
Despite the success of the serial, Kneale felt that he had now taken the character of Quatermass as far as he could. "I didn't want to go on repeating because Professor Quatermass had already saved the world from ultimate destruction three times, and that seemed to me to be quite enough," he said in 1986.[30] It was also his final new collaboration with Rudolph Cartier, although the director did later handle a new version of Kneale's 1953 adaptation of Wuthering Heights for the BBC in 1962.[45]
1958–1966: Film screenplays and adaptations
In 1958, Kneale's play Mrs Wickens in the Fall, transmitted by the BBC the previous year, was remade by the CBS network in the United States, retitled The Littlest Enemy. Broadcast on 18 June as part of The United States Steel Hour anthology series, the script was severely cut back in length.[46] It was Kneale's only involvement with American television, and he was not pleased with the result. "I made up my mind I would never ever again have anything done on a television network in America," he later commented.[46]
For the next few years, Kneale concentrated mostly on film screenplays, adapting plays and novels for the cinema. Described by The Independent as "one of the few writers not to fall out with John Osborne",[10] Kneale adapted Osborne's plays Look Back in Anger and The Entertainer in 1958 and 1960 respectively, both for director Tony Richardson.[9] Kneale knew Richardson through having previously adapted a Chekhov short story for the BBC, which Richardson had directed.[47] Kneale was nominated for the British Film Award (later known as a BAFTA) for Best Screenplay for both films.[32] Film producer Harry Saltzman, who had produced the two Osborne adaptations, approached Kneale about scripting a project he was working on to adapt Ian Fleming's James Bond novels for the cinema; Kneale was not a fan of Fleming's work and turned the offer down.[48]
Kneale completed screenplays for adaptations of the novels
In 1966 Kneale worked again for Hammer Film Productions when he adapted Norah Lofts's 1960 novel The Devil's Own into the horror film The Witches.[49] Kneale had worked on the screenplay for the adaptation in 1961,[49] the same year in which he had begun to adapt Quatermass and the Pit for Hammer.[50] Like The Witches, the film version of Quatermass and the Pit took several years to reach the screen, eventually being released in 1967. Roy Ward Baker directed, with Andrew Keir starring as Quatermass. Kneale was much happier with this version than the previous Hammer Quatermass adaptations,[51] and the film was described by The Independent in 2006 as "one of the best ever Hammer productions."[10] Quatermass and the Pit was Kneale's final credited film work; 1979's The Quatermass Conclusion was only released to cinemas in overseas markets after it was made for television in the UK,[52] and he had his name removed from the credits of Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982).[9]
1963–1974: Return to BBC
Kneale returned to writing for television with the BBC when his play The Road was broadcast in September 1963.[9] The play concerned the population of an 18th-century village who become haunted by visions of a future nuclear war,[12] and was followed by several one-off dramas for the BBC over the following decade, including two entries into BBC1's The Wednesday Play anthology strand.[21] During this period he was regarded as one of the finest writers working for the BBC by Shaun Sutton, the Head of Drama for BBC television.[53] Kneale did his first work for the ITV network during this time, writing a one-off play called The Crunch for the ATV company in 1964.[54]
A particular critical success was
In 1965 Kneale had been approached by the producer of the BBC2 science-fiction anthology series Out of the Unknown to write a new one-off 75-minute Quatermass story for the programme.[51] Nothing came of this, but he would write The Chopper six years later for the fourth and final series. It was about the vengeful spirit of a dead motorcyclist who is reluctant to leave his wrecked machine and manifests itself to a woman journalist as motorbike noise. It featured Patrick Troughton as a mechanic, although the episode is now lost. In 1972 he was commissioned by the BBC to write a new four-part Quatermass serial, based in a dystopian near future world overrun with crime, apathy, martial law and youth cults.[51] The serial was announced as a forthcoming production by the BBC in November,[57] and some model filming was even begun in June 1973,[51] but eventually budgetary problems and the unavailability of Stonehenge—a central location in the scripts—led to the project's cancellation.[51]
Kneale's next script for the BBC was The Stone Tape, a scientific ghost story broadcast on Christmas Day 1972.[58] Lez Cooke praised the production, when writing in 2003, describing it as "one of the most imaginative and intelligent examples of the horror genre to appear on British television, a single play to rank alongside the best of Play for Today."[59] His final BBC work was an entry into a series called Bedtime Stories, adapting traditional fairy tales into adult dramas. Kneale's last script for the BBC, Jack and the Beanstalk, was transmitted on 24 March 1974.[60]
1974–1982: Early ITV work
Kneale's remaining television work was written for ITV.
In the mid-1970s, Kneale made his only attempt at writing a stage play. Called Crow, it was based upon the memoirs of real-life Manx slaver Captain Hugh Crow.[20] Kneale was unable to find backing to produce the play for the stage, but sold the script to ATV who put it into pre-production for television.[20] Shortly before filming it was cancelled by ATV's managing director, Lew Grade, and Kneale was never told why.[20]
Following the cancellation of Crow, Kneale moved to work for another of the ITV companies,
Kneale's next television series was a departure from his usual style—Kinvig, his sole attempt at writing a sitcom, produced by London Weekend Television and broadcast on ITV in the autumn of 1981.[9] Although his first out-and-out comedy, Kneale stressed that there had always been elements of humour present throughout his scripts.[30] Some of the press reaction to Kinvig was positive: "If you like the idea of the Hitch-Hiker's Guide but found its realization tiresomely hysterical you may well prefer Kneale's relaxed wit. Cast splendid, direction deft," was The Times's preview of the first episode.[65] The series was not a commercial success, although Kneale later remained personally pleased with it.[30]
1982: Halloween III: Season of the Witch
In 1982, Kneale made another one-off diversion from his usual work when he wrote his only produced
Kneale's treatment for the film met with the approval of John Carpenter, the producer of the Halloween series, although Kneale was required to write the script in six weeks.[67] Kneale had a positive relationship with the director assigned to the film, Tommy Lee Wallace, but when one of the film's backers, Dino De Laurentiis, insisted upon the inclusion of more graphic violence and a rewrite of the script from Wallace, Kneale became displeased with the results and had his name removed from the film.[68]
1987–1995: Later ITV work
He returned to writing scripts for British television, including Gentry with
Susan Hill did not like some of the changes that Kneale had made to The Woman in Black.[69] It has been observed that Kneale on some occasions operated a double standard with adaptations; being unhappy when others made changes to his stories, but willing to make changes to stories he was adapting into script form. Referring to The Woman in Black adaptation, the writer and critic Kim Newman noted that: "He was very offended at the notion of Susan Hill using the name of Kipps from HG Wells as the hero of The Woman in Black, and so he decided not to use it and to change the hero's name to Kidd. I'm sure if somebody thought that Quatermass was a silly name and changed it, he'd be furious!"[72] However, Kneale's adaptations were not always unpopular with the original author. In 1991, a four-part version he wrote of Kingsley Amis's novel Stanley and the Women, met with approval from the original author, with Amis regarding it as the most successful adaptation of his work.[73]
Kneale also adapted Sharpe's Gold for ITV in 1995, as part of their series of adaptations of Bernard Cornwell's Sharpe novels.[9] This was an assignment that surprised his agent; "We didn't think he'd want to bother with them but he did. That was probably because he liked the producer."[7] He returned to writing for radio for the first time since the 1950s in 1996, when he wrote the drama-documentary The Quatermass Memoirs for BBC Radio 3.[74] Partly composed of Kneale looking back at the events that led to the writing of the original three Quatermass serials and using some archive material, there was also a dramatised strand to the series, set just before the ITV Quatermass serial and featuring Andrew Keir, star of the Hammer version of Quatermass and the Pit, as the Professor.[74]
While recording an
1995–2006: Final years
Kneale was invited to write for the successful American science-fiction series
He continued to appear as an interview subject in various television documentaries,[21] and also recorded further audio commentaries for the release of some of his productions on DVD. In 2005, he acted as a consultant when the digital television channel BBC Four produced a live remake of The Quatermass Experiment.[75] He lived in Barnes, London, until his death on 29 October 2006 at the age of 84, following a series of small strokes.[16]
Legacy
When he joined BBC, Kneale was impressed with the state in which they found BBC television drama.[76] However, he was frustrated at what he saw as the slow and boring styles of television drama production then employed, which he felt wasted the potential of the medium.[77] Together with Cartier he would help revolutionise British television drama and establish it as an entity separate from its theatre and radio equivalents. Television historian Lez Cooke wrote in 2003 that "Between them, Kneale and Cartier were responsible for introducing a completely new dimension to television drama in the early to mid-1950s."[78] Jason Jacobs, a lecturer in film and television studies at the University of Warwick, wrote: "It was the arrival of Nigel Kneale ... and Rudolph Cartier ... that challenged the intimate drama directly ... Kneale and Cartier shared a common desire to invigorate television with a faster tempo and a broader thematic and spatial canvas, and it was no coincidence that they turned to science-fiction in order to get out of the dominant stylistic trend of television intimacy."[79]
The writer and actor Mark Gatiss indicated that Kneale was among the first rank of British television writers, but that this had been overlooked. "He is amongst the greats—he is absolutely as important as Dennis Potter, as David Mercer, as Alan Bleasdale, as Alan Bennett, but I think because of a strange snobbery about fantasy or sci-fi it's never quite been that way."[71] The Guardian commented that "Kneale was by no means the only author to have been largely wasted by television, and to have seen his status overtaken by soap opera hacks. But his place is secure, alongside Wells, Arthur C. Clarke, John Wyndham and Brian Aldiss, as one of the best, most exciting and most compassionate English science fiction writers of his century."[7] Writing about The Year of the Sex Olympics, Nancy Banks-Smith felt that Kneale was one of the few television writers whose work was particularly memorable. "At the name of Kneale, I feel, every knee should bow. How much TV do you remember from last night ... last year ... last century? Quite. Curiously, I can remember clearly the first time I saw The Year of the Sex Olympics by Nigel Kneale. It was 35 years ago."[56]
Kneale was admired by the film director John Carpenter.[12][32] The horror fiction writer Stephen King has cited Kneale as an influence,[12][32] and Kim Newman suggested in 2003 that King had "more or less rewritten Quatermass and the Pit in The Tommyknockers."[80] Other writers have acclaimed Kneale as an influence on their work including comics writer Grant Morrison[81] and television screenwriter Russell T Davies,[82] who described the Beasts episode "Baby" as "the most frightening thing I've ever seen ... Powerful stuff."[82] Film screenwriter and director Dan O'Bannon was also an admirer of Kneale's writing,[81] and in 1993 wrote a potential remake of The Quatermass Experiment,[83] of which Kneale approved,[84] but the film was never made.[83] Other entertainment industry figures that publicly expressed admiration for Kneale's work include The Beatles' drummer Ringo Starr, members of the rock group Pink Floyd and Monty Python's Flying Circus writer/performer Michael Palin.[85]
Kneale never saw himself as a science-fiction writer,[20] and was often critical of the genre. He particularly disliked the BBC series Doctor Who (1963–89; 1996; 2005–present), for which he had once turned down an offer to write.[8] He also criticised Doomwatch and Blake's 7, with the latter described as the lowest point of British television science-fiction.[30] Doctor Who was heavily influenced by Kneale's Quatermass serials,[86][87][88] in some cases even using specific storylines that were similar to those from Quatermass.[89][90]
Family
Kneale's younger brother is
In the early 1950s Kneale met fellow BBC screenwriter Judith Kerr, a Jewish refugee, in the BBC canteen.[16] They married on 8 May 1954[94] and had two children; Matthew, who later became a successful novelist,[32] and Tacy, an actress and later a special effects designer who worked on the Harry Potter film series.[7]
Kerr became a successful children's writer, with the
Filmography
- The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) - Story
- Quatermass 2 (1957) - Writer
- The Abominable Snowman (1957) - Writer
- Look Back in Anger (1959) - Writer
- The Entertainer (1960) - Writer
- H.M.S. Defiant (1962) - Writer
- First Men in the Moon (1964) - Writer
- The Witches (1966) - Writer
- Quatermass and the Pit (1967) - Writer
- The Stone Tape (1971) - Writer
- The Quatermass Conslusion (1979) - Writer
- Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982) - Writer (uncredited)
- The Woman in Black (1989) - Writer
References
- ^ "Nigel Kneale". IMDb. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ISBN 9781909394476.
- ISBN 9780007513215.
- ^ Hammer n.d.
- ^ Gatiss 2006a.
- ^ a b Murray 2006b, p. 9.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ezard 2006.
- ^ a b Newley 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Angelini & n.d. (b).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Adrian 2006.
- ^ a b c The Daily Telegraph 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g h The Times 2006.
- ^ Murray 2006b, pp. 9, 12.
- ^ a b Pixley 2005, p. 2.
- ^ The Times 1948.
- ^ a b c Jury 2006.
- ^ Pixley 2005, p. 23.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 26.
- ^ Jacobs 2000, p. 111.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kibble-White 2003.
- ^ a b c d Screenonline n.d.
- ^ Jacobs 2000, p. 134.
- ^ Pixley 2005, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Pixley 2005, p. 3.
- ^ a b Dickinson n.d.
- ^ a b c Pixley 2005, p. 6.
- ^ Johnson 2005, p. 21.
- ^ Collinson & n.d. (a).
- ^ Pixley 2005, p. 21.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pixley & Kneale 1986.
- ^ a b c d e Pixley 2005, p. 16.
- ^ a b c d e f BBC News 2007.
- ^ a b Duguid & n.d. (b).
- ^ a b Duguid 2000.
- ^ Duguid & n.d. (d).
- ^ BBC News 1955.
- ^ Pixley 2005, p. 45.
- ^ a b Pixley 2005, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d Hearn & Rigby 2003, p. 7.
- ^ Hearn & Rigby 2003, p. 14.
- ^ The Times 1957, p. 5.
- ^ a b Pixley 2005, p. 47.
- ^ Kneale, Nigel in Producer – Tom Ware; Executive Producer – Michael Poole (15 October 2003). "The Kneale Tapes". Timeshift. BBC Four.
- ^ "Quatermass DVD". BBC. 31 March 2005. Archived from the original on 31 October 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
- ^ Wake & n.d. (b).
- ^ a b Murray 2006b, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 62.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 76.
- ^ a b Moody.
- ^ Pixley 2005, pp. 38–39.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pixley 2005, p. 39.
- ^ Duguid & n.d. (c).
- ^ Sutton 1982, pp. 20 and 54.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 82.
- ^ Collinson & n.d. (b).
- ^ a b Banks-Smith 2003.
- ^ Dunkley 1972, p. 19.
- ^ Angelini & n.d. (c).
- ^ Cooke 2003, p. 126.
- ^ Murray 2006b, pp. 121–122.
- ^ a b Duguid & n.d. (a).
- ^ Murray 2006a, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Pixley 2005, p. 36.
- ^ The Times 1979.
- ^ The Times 1981, p. XII.
- ^ a b Holliss 1983, p. 31.
- ^ Holliss 1983, pp. 31–32.
- ^ Holliss 1983, p. 32.
- ^ a b Angelini & n.d. (d).
- ^ Truss 1994, p. 31.
- ^ a b c Gatiss 2006b.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 169.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 172.
- ^ a b c Pixley 2005, p. 40.
- ^ BBC Press Office 2005.
- ^ Wake & n.d. (a).
- ^ Jacobs 2000, p. 135.
- ^ Cooke 2003, p. 20.
- ^ Jacobs 2000, pp. 130–134.
- ^ Newman 2003.
- ^ a b Murray 2006b, p. 182.
- ^ a b Murray 2006a, p. 6.
- ^ a b Murray 2006b, p. 183.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 184.
- ^ Murray 2006b, pp. 98–99.
- ^ Howe, Stammers & Walker 1992, p. 156.
- ^ Parkin & Pearson 2006, p. 93.
- ^ McKay 2005.
- ^ Barnes 2007, pp. 42–50.
- ^ Cornell, Day & Topping 1995.
- ^ Royal West of England Academy n.d.
- ^ Pixley 2005, p. 38.
- ^ Jack Kine and Bernard Wilkie (2005). Making Demons (DVD: Documentary using archive interview material. Extra feature on The Quatermass Collection set). BBC Worldwide.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 36.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 134.
- ^ Murray 2006b, p. 176.
Bibliography
Books
- Cooke, Lez (2003). British Television Drama: A History (hardback). ISBN 0-85170-884-6.
- Hearn, Marcus; Rigby, Jonathan (2003). Quatermass 2—Viewing Notes (paperback). North Harrow: DD Video. DD06155.
- ISBN 0-86369-707-0.
- Jacobs, Jason (2000). The Intimate Screen: Early British Television Drama (paperback). ISBN 0-19-874233-9.
- Johnson, Catherine (2005). Telefantasy (paperback). ISBN 1-84457-076-2.
- Murray, Andy (2006). Beasts—Programme Notes (paperback). Enfield: Network. 7952477.
- Murray, Andy (2006). Into the Unknown: The Fantastic Life of Nigel Kneale (paperback). ISBN 1-900486-50-4.
- ISBN 0-9725959-9-6.
- Pixley, Andrew (2005). The Quatermass Collection—Viewing Notes (paperback). London: BBC Worldwide. BBCDVD1478.
- ISBN 0-563-20011-1.
Magazine pieces
- Barnes, Alan (28 February 2007). "The Fact of Fiction: Image of the Fendahl". Doctor Who Magazine. No. 379. pp. 42–50.
- Holliss, Richard (July 1983). "Nigel Kneale on Halloween III". Starburst. Vol. 4, no. 11. pp. 30–33. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
Newspaper articles
- Adrian, Jack (2 November 2006). "Nigel Kneale". The Independent. London. p. 46. Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- "Broadcasting—The Light Programme". The Times. 19 May 1948. p. 7.
- Dunkley, Chris (15 November 1972). "Quatermass and Quixote in BBC drama plans". The Times. p. 19.
- Ezard, John (2 November 2006). "Nigel Kneale". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- Gatiss, Mark (2 November 2006). "The man who saw tomorrow". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
- Jury, Louise (1 November 2006). "Nigel Kneale, creator of cult TV figure Quatermass, dies aged 84". The Independent. London. p. 12. Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- "London Pavilion—Quatermass II". The Times. 27 May 1957. p. 5.
- McKay, Sinclair (19 March 2005). "A tale of British boffins". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 26 January 2007.
- Newley, Patrick (5 January 2007). "Nigel Kneale". The Stage. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- "Nigel Kneale". The Times. London. 2 November 2006. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- "Personal Choice". The Times. 14 November 1979. p. 23.
- "Pick of the week's television". The Times. 4 September 1981. p. XII.
- Truss, Lynne (26 December 1994). "In the midst of excess, a short, sharp shock". The Times. p. 31.
Web articles
- "1955: New TV channel ends BBC monopoly". BBC News. 22 September 1955. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
- Angelini, Sergio. "Kavanagh Q.C. (1995–2001)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
- Angelini, Sergio. "Kneale, Nigel (1922–2006)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- Angelini, Sergio. "Stone Tape, The (1972)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 29 January 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Angelini, Sergio. "Woman in Black, The (1989)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Banks-Smith, Nancy (28 April 2003). "Big Brother with knives". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 1 March 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- "BBC FOUR to produce a live broadcast of the sci-fi classic, The Quatermass Experiment". BBC. 3 March 2005. Archived from the original on 30 August 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
- "Bryan Kneale". Royal West of England Academy. Archived from the original on 29 December 2006. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
- Collinson, Gavin. "Quatermass Experiment, The (1953)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Collinson, Gavin. "The Year of the Sex Olympics". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Cornell, Paul; Day, Martin; Topping, Keith (1995). "Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide – The Daemons" (reprint of The Discontinuity Guide). BBC Doctor Who website. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
- Dickinson, Robert. "Quatermass". Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Duguid, Mark (2000). "73: Nineteen Eighty-Four". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 23 February 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Duguid, Mark. "Beasts (1976)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Duguid, Mark. "Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Duguid, Mark. "Quatermass (1979)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Duguid, Mark. "Quatermass II (1955)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 15 January 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Gatiss, Mark (1 November 2006). "Quatermass creator was 'TV giant'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Kibble-White, Jack (November 2003). "The Magic Word Here is Paradox". Off the Telly. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- "Kneale, Nigel (1922–2006)—Film & TV credits". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- Moody, Paul. "Witches, The (1966)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- "Nigel Kneale". The Daily Telegraph. London. 3 November 2006. p. 001. Archived from the original on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- Pixley, Andrew; Kneale, Nigel (1986). "Nigel Kneale—Behind the Dark Door". The Quatermass Home Page. Archived from the original on 17 August 2005. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- "Quatermass creator dies, aged 84". BBC News. 1 November 2006. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- Simpson, Robert. "A Tribute to Nigel Kneale". Hammer Film Productions. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.
- Wake, Oliver. "Cartier, Rudolph (1904–1994)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- Wake, Oliver. "Wuthering Heights (1962)". Screenonline. Archived from the original on 2 January 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
TV episodes
- Newman, Kim in Producer – Tom Ware; Executive Producer – Michael Poole (15 October 2003). "The Kneale Tapes". Timeshift. BBC Four.