Ottoman expeditions to Morocco
Ottoman expeditions to Morocco | |
---|---|
Kingdom of Fez, Saadi Sultanate | |
Result |
Ottoman Algerian victory |
- Regency of Algiers
Principality of Debdou
1576 Expedition
- Regency of Algiers
Abd al-Malik
Suleiman I
Murad III
Salah Rais
Ramadan Pasha
Mohammed al-Mutawakkil
In the 16th century the Ottomans several expeditions to Morocco.
Capture of Fez (1554)
Background
In the early 16th century in Morocco, the country was not united under one dynasty and the Wattasids and Saadis became enemies, which led to the Wattasids seeking military help from the Ottomans.
First period of vassal status
In 1545
Second period of vassal status
Aftermath
The Ottoman troops, Turks and Berbers from Kabylia stayed in Fez for four months harassing the population until Ali Abu Hassun bought the withdrawal of the Ottoman troops. Upon his withdrawal from Fez, Salah Rais assured the Saadi ruler that he would grant his enemy, Ali Abu Hassun, no further assistance.[18] Ali Abu Hassun then hired mercenaries for his own army. However, the Wattasids now without the help of the Ottoman troops were defeated in the Battle of Tadla and Fez was reconquered by the Saadis.[19]
Capture of Fez (1576)
Background
After the
Third period of vassal status
Ramadan Pasha arrived in Fez with Abd al-Malik and the Ottoman army, Fez was easily conquered, which then caused the Saadi ruler, Abu Abdallah Mohammed, to flee to Marrakesh. However, Marrakesh was also conquered.[23] Abd al-Malik then assumed rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal recognising Ottoman suzerainty.[24][25][26][27][28][29] Murad's name was recited in the Friday prayer and stamped on coinage marking the two traditional signs of sovereignty in the Islamic world.[30] Abd al-Malik sent the Ottoman troops back to Algiers in exchange for gold while suggesting a looser concept of vassalage than the Ottoman sultan, Murad III, may have supposed.[31][32] Abd al-Malik had recognised himself as a vassal of the Sublime Porte.[33] The reign of Abd al-Malik (1576-1578) is understood to be a period of Moroccan vassalage to the Ottoman Empire.[34][35]
Aftermath
After the victory, Abd al-Malik received a letter from Murad III offering fatherly congratulations, but expressing his disappointment at an unfinished job, as the deposed ruler, Abu Abdallah Mohammed, remained alive.[36] He was the first Saadi ruler to break the tradition of not entering any bond of vassalage with a foreign entity and his letters described him as “Slave of the Great Turk.”[37][38] He set his contingent of Turkish advisors to reshape his army along Ottoman lines.
In 1578, Abd al-Malik fought a battle against the Portuguese Empire in which he lost his life. However, the outcome of the battle was an immense victory. Abd al-Malik was succeeded by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur who formally recognised the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan at the beginning of his reign while remaining de facto independent. However, Ahmad stopped minting coins in Murad’s name, dropped Murad’s name from the Khutba and declared his full independence in 1582.[39][40]
The Beylerbey of Algiers then convinced Murad III to authorise an attack on Morocco. Ahmad then sent an embassy with sizeable gifts to Constantinople, with the hopes of Murad III calling off the attack.[41] The Moroccans paid a tribute of more than 100,000 gold coins and agreed to show respect to the Ottoman Sultan, in return they were unofficially left alone.[42] They agreed to a treaty of mutual recognition and maintained peaceful relations. Every year Ahmad sent a gift to Istanbul which the Ottomans saw as a tribute, acknowledging their supremacy, and the Moroccans saw as a way of honouring the Ottomans for defending the Islamic lands.[43]
References
- ^ هيسبريس تمودا Volume 29, Issue 1 Editions techniques nord-africaines, 1991
- ^ Page 406-408, The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3: c. 1050-c. 1600 (Volume 3)
- ^ Page 406-408, The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3: c. 1050-c. 1600 (Volume 3)
- ISBN 978-0-226-03739-4.
- ^ Langues et littératures, Volume 1 Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines
- ^ La bataille de l'Oued el-Makhâzen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 aout 1578) Pierre Berthier Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1985
- ^ La Kalaa des Béni Abbès au XVIe siècle. p.276. Youssef Benoudjit Dahlab, 1997
- ^ Islam et Occident méditerranéen: de la conquête aux Ottomans p.289 - Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques
- ^ The Appearance of Vassal States and “Suzerainty” in the Ottoman Empire:The Case of Wallachia and Moldavia - Mayuzumi Akitsu
- ^ The Appearance of Vassal States and “Suzerainty” in the Ottoman Empire:The Case of Wallachia and Moldavia - Mayuzumi Akitsu
- ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.
- ^ Ahmad Al-Mansur: Islamic Visionary - p.11 Richard Lee Smith Pearson Longman,
- ^ The Last Great Muslim Empires. p.103. By H. J. Kissling, Bertold Spuler, N. Barbour, J. S. Trimingham, H. Braun, H. Hartel
- ISBN 978-0-521-33767-0.
- ^ The Present State of the Empire of Morocco. Its Animals, Products, Climate, Soil, Cities, Ports, Provinces, Coins, Weights, and Measures. With the Language, Religion, Laws, Manners, Customs, and Character, of the Moors; the History of the Dynasties Since Edris; the Naval Force and Commerce of Morocco; and the Character, Conduct, and Views, Political and Commercial, of the Reigning Emperor. Translated from the French of M. Chenier. Vol. 1. [-2.], Volume 2
- ^ Mercier, Ernest (1891). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1930) (in French). Ernest Leroux
- ^ Page 406, The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3: c. 1050-c. 1600 (Volume 3)
- ^ The Present State of the Empire of Morocco. Its Animals, Products, Climate, Soil, Cities, Ports, Provinces, Coins, Weights, and Measures. With the Language, Religion, Laws, Manners, Customs, and Character, of the Moors; the History of the Dynasties Since Edris; the Naval Force and Commerce of Morocco; and the Character, Conduct, and Views, Political and Commercial, of the Reigning Emperor. Translated from the French of M. Chenier. Vol. 1. [-2.], Volume 2
- ^ Page 406-407, The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3: c. 1050-c. 1600 (Volume 3)
- ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
- ^ The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 - J. D. Fage: Pg 408
- ISBN 978-0-226-33031-0
- ^ هيسبريس تمودا Volume 29, Issue 1 Editions techniques nord-africaines, 1991
- ISBN 978-0-226-03739-4.
- ^ Langues et littératures, Volume 1Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines
- ^ La Kalaa des Béni Abbès au XVIe siècle. p.276. Youssef Benoudjit Dahlab, 1997
- ^ Islam et Occident méditerranéen: de la conquête aux Ottomans p.289 - Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques
- ISBN 978-0-226-33031-0
- ^ A Struggle for the Sahara:Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s Embassy toAḥmad al-Manṣūr in the Context ofBorno-Morocco-Ottoman Relations, 1577-1583 Rémi Dewière Université de Paris Panthéon Sorbonne
- ^ Page 67, Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, By Norman Itzkowitz
- ^ Page 409, The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol. 3: c. 1050-c. 1600 (Volume 3)
- ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
- ^ La bataille de l'Oued el-Makhâzen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 aout 1578) Pierre Berthier Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1985
- ISBN 978-0-226-03739-4.
- ^ Langues et littératures, Volume 1Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines
- ^ Page 266: Roads to Ruin: The War for Morocco in the Sixteenth Century By Comer Plummer III
- ^ Page 111: Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient By Vincent Barletta
- ^ Page 240: Roads to Ruin: The War for Morocco in the Sixteenth Century By Comer Plummer III
- ^ Rivet, Daniel (2012). Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI. Fayard
- ^ A Struggle for the Sahara:Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s Embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the Context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman Relations, 1577-1583 Rémi Dewière Université de Paris Panthéon Sorbonne
- ^ Page 64: Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Morocco
- ^ Ahmad al-Mansur: Islamic Visionary By Richard L. Smith
- ^ Page 65: Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Morocco