Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg
Pavlovsk
Павловск | |
---|---|
Municipal town | |
Dialing code(s) | +7 +7 812 |
OKTMO ID | 40387000 |
Website | mo-pavlovsk |
Pavlovsk (
The town developed around the Pavlovsk Palace, a major residence of the Russian imperial family. Between 1918 and 1944, its official name was Slutsk, after the revolutionary Vera Slutskaya, and then was changed back to Pavlovsk. Pavlovsk is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments".
History
Fortress
A wooden fortress was built by Russians on the place of Pavlovsk and was known from at least 13th century as part of an
Paul I, an avid fan of the military, had long dreamed of building a stone fortress on the ruins of the Swedish forts. After he became an emperor, in 1796, he hired the Italian architect Vincenzo Brenna and raised money for the project. By 1798 Brenna raised a Gothic folly, Bip fortress, which fascinated Paul so much that he listed it on the Army register of real fortresses. After the death of Catherine, Paul and Brenna expanded the Pavlovsk estate with real military barracks, officers' quarters and a hospital.[5][6][7]
Imperial residence
Between 1782 and 1786
Paul personally hired Brenna, then employed by Stanisław Kostka Potocki, in 1782, and used him in 1783–1785 to visualize his architectural fantasies.[14] Brenna left Cameron's palace core intact, extending it with side wings; although he remodeled the interiors, they bear traces of Cameron's style to date. However, Maria's private suite and the militaria displayed in public halls are attributed to Brenna alone.[15]
In 1794, the population of Pavlovskoye counted 300 people, mostly peasants and palace servants. There was a stone church, a free public school for peasants and three hospitals: regular, military and for invalids. Later, an agriculture school and the first in Russia school for the deaf were established in Pavlovskoye.[16] Between 1807 and 1810, the school for the deaf was located in the Bip fortress. Later, a military regiment was stationed and practiced there.[4][7] Theatrical performances were regularly staged first in the palace and since 1794 in the theater built nearby by Brenna.[16]
Pavel favored as his residence
After Paul I
After Paul's death in 1801 the palace was proclaimed a residence of his widow, Maria Feodorovna. During that time, it was frequently visited by famous poets and novelists including Sergey Glinka, Nikolay Karamzin[7] and Ivan Krylov. Vasily Zhukovsky was a regular reader for Maria Feodorovna and the teacher of Russian language and literature for Princess Charlotte of Württemberg, the wife of Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia who inherited Pavlovsk after the death of Maria Feodorovna in 1828. Michael Pavlovich spent his childhood in Pavlovsk, and then cared much about the city. Being a military person, he mostly improved well-being of the military corps staged near Pavlovsk and built barracks, riding stables, forge and workshops. But he also improved the roads of Pavlovsk, donated significant amounts to the church and established an orphanage and a school for middle-class children.[16]
In the 19th century, Pavlovsk became a favorite summer retreat for well-to-do inhabitants of the Russian capital. The life of Pavlovsk's dachniki was described by
Michael Pavlovich died in 1849 leaving no heir, and thus Pavlovsk became property of a son of Nicholas I, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia. Konstantin Nikolayevich established in 1872 an art gallery and a museum in the palace and opened them for public access. He also promoted construction in 1876 of a laboratory dedicated to meteorology and study of magnetic fields on the outskirts of the park. Pavlovsk became a popular residence and by 1874 had 323 summer cottages. The celebrities living here included Alexander Brullov, Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg and Vladimir Sollogub.[16]
Birthplace of Russian Scouting
On April 30, 1909 a young officer, Colonel
Soviet era to present
After the October Revolution of 1917, the Pavlovsk palace and park were nationalized and converted to a public-access museum. In a general motion to replace the Tsar's name, the town was renamed to Slutsk, after revolutionary Vera Slutskaya who died nearby in 1917. Later it was often mentioned in the documents under a double name Slutsk (Pavlovsk), and eventually regained the old name in 1944.[24]
Pavlovsk suffered much from the German occupation during World War II (16 September 1941 – 24 January 1944) – the entire water system of the park and about 70,000 trees were destroyed, the palace was severely damaged by the fire of January 1944, and about 40% of exhibitions were stolen or destroyed (the rest was evacuated to Siberia before the arrival of the Germans). The old train station was burned down and rebuilt in the 1950s by A. E. Levinson. The town was liberated as a result of the
In 1954, Pavlovsk was transferred under the jurisdiction of St. Petersburg.[24] In 1989, it was included into the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites as part of the Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments.[27] In 2003, historical names were returned to dozens of streets of Pavlovsk which had been renamed during the Soviet era.[28]
Geology
The town is located on the Neva Lowland, to the left of the river
Climate
The climate of Pavlovsk is
Climate data for Pavlovsk | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F | 47.5 | 50.4 | 58.8 | 77.5 | 87.6 | 94.3 | 95.5 | 92.3 | 86.7 | 69.8 | 54.1 | 51.6 | 95.5 |
Mean daily maximum °F | 27.9 | 29.5 | 39.4 | 48.6 | 61.0 | 68.9 | 72.0 | 69.1 | 58.3 | 47.3 | 35.2 | 30.7 | 48.9 |
Daily mean °F | 20.3 | 21.2 | 29.5 | 39.9 | 51.6 | 60.4 | 63.9 | 61.5 | 51.8 | 42.1 | 31.8 | 25.0 | 41.4 |
Mean daily minimum °F | 17.8 | 18.1 | 26.8 | 34.9 | 44.8 | 53.4 | 57.2 | 55.4 | 46.4 | 38.7 | 28.2 | 22.1 | 37.0 |
Record low °F | −32.6 | −31.4 | −21.8 | −7.2 | 20.1 | 32.2 | 40.8 | 34.3 | 26.4 | 8.8 | −8.0 | −29.9 | −32.6 |
Average precipitation inches | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 24.9 |
Record high °C | 8.6 | 10.2 | 14.9 | 25.3 | 30.9 | 34.6 | 35.3 | 33.5 | 30.4 | 21.0 | 12.3 | 10.9 | 35.3 |
Mean daily maximum °C | −2.3 | −1.4 | 4.1 | 9.2 | 16.1 | 20.5 | 22.2 | 20.6 | 14.6 | 8.5 | 1.8 | −0.7 | 9.4 |
Daily mean °C | −6.5 | −6.0 | −1.4 | 4.4 | 10.9 | 15.8 | 17.7 | 16.4 | 11.0 | 5.6 | −0.1 | −3.9 | 5.2 |
Mean daily minimum °C | −7.9 | −7.7 | −2.9 | 1.6 | 7.1 | 11.9 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 8.0 | 3.7 | −2.1 | −5.5 | 2.8 |
Record low °C | −35.9 | −35.2 | −29.9 | −21.8 | −6.6 | 0.1 | 4.9 | 1.3 | −3.1 | −12.9 | −22.2 | −34.4 | −35.9 |
Average precipitation mm | 40 | 31 | 35 | 33 | 38 | 64 | 78 | 77 | 67 | 65 | 56 | 49 | 633 |
Source: [30][32] |
Soil, vegetation and wildlife
Prior to the founding of the town the area was covered by
Owing to the parks and environment-friendly policies, the Pavlovsk area has relatively low level of pollution.
As most rivers of Saint Petersburg, the Slavyanka River is polluted. Water analysis performed by Greenpeace in 2008 reveals contamination levels exceeding the permissible norms by tens or hundreds times, with such chemicals as oil, lead, acetone, mercury, chloroform and others. Most pollution originates from household waste deposited by 16 companies.[37][38]
Population
As of the 2010 Census, 16,087 people lived in Pavlovsk of which 45.3% were males and 54.7% females.[1]
Year | 1780 | 1794 | 1897 | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 1991 | 1998 | 2002 | 2010 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population | 54[24] | 300[4] | 4,900 | 16,600 | 21,000[10] | 25,200 | 25,536[40] | 25,400[9] | 24,800 | 14,960[41] | 16,087[1] |
Politics
On 3 June 1797, the City Council was established, headed by the chief administrator. It controlled the entire life of Pavlovsk.[42]
The modern structure of local government bodies consists of:
- the representative body of the municipal formation - the Municipal Council. Operating since 1997. As a result of the elections on 14 September 2014, a new composition of the 5th convocation was elected. Of the 10 deputies, 8 are from United Russia, 2 are self-nominated. (one self-nominated candidate later resigned).
- The head of the municipal entity. Exercises the powers of the chairman of the Municipal Council and is the highest official of the municipal entity.
- The executive and administrative body of the municipality is the Local Administration.
The head of the municipality of the city of Pavlovsk is Valery Viktorovich Zibarev.[43]
The head of the local administration of the city of Pavlovsk is Mikhail Yuryevich Syzrantsev.[44]
Coat of arms
The first coat of arms of Pavlovsk was approved by Alexander I in 1801. It features a black double-headed eagle with a white Maltese cross on its chest and the Order of St. Andrew hanging on a chain under it. On top of the cross there is a red shield with a monogram combining Russian italic letters П and М standing for Emperor Paul and Empress Maria. The eagle has gilded beaks and paws. It holds a ceremonial mace and globus cruciger in the paws; it is crowned with two golden crowns with two more crowns near its heads. The whole composition is placed on a golden shield. There was a proposal of an alternative coat during the Soviet times, but it was not approved.[45] The updated coat of arms was adopted on 19 September 2007. It has the same composition but with slightly simplified shapes and colors.[46] The modern flag of Pavlovsk was adopted on the same day. It contains the coat image on a yellow rectangle with the length to width ratio of 3:2.[47]
Cityscape
The center of the town is Pavlovsk Palace consisting of main body and wings connected with it by galleries. In front of the palace, welcoming the visitors stands bronze monument of Paul. It is an 1872 copy of the original cast by Giovanni Vitali. North to it lies Pavlovsk Park which covers 2/3 of the town area.[48] With the area of about 600 hectares, the park is one of the largest in Russia and Europe.[49] Seven parts are distinguished within the park. There are numerous pavilions, and one part contains a collection of bronze statues. The Bip fortress, a favorite of young Paul I, was burned down during World War II and only its walls remained; it was restored by 2010.[7]
Before 1917 there was no separation between the imperial residence and the town, and both belonged to one owner. Along the southern and western borders of the park run the main street, which is now called Sadovaya Street, and its previous names were Fyodorovskaya (before 1783), Tsarskoselskaya (1783–1919) and Revolyutsii (Soviet time). On the west, this street leads to the train terminal and then to
There are several churches near the palace, the oldest being Maria Magdalena Church and Church of Peter and Paul (built in 1799 by Brenna). The former was raised in 1781–1784 by Giacomo Quarenghi and is the first classical stone building in Pavlovsk. More prominent however is the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in honor of Paul I, an active Orthodox church built in 1900–1904 by Alexander von Hohen in the Russian Revival style.
Notable residents
- Emperor of Russia and owner of Pavlovsk between 1796 and 1801.[16]
- Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia (1858–1915) – grandson of Nicholas I of Russia, a poet and playwright, President of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, owner of Pavlovsk between 1882 and 1915. Died in Pavlovsk.[16]
- Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia (1827–1882) – son of Nicholas I of Russia, admiral of the Russian fleet and reformer of the Russian Navy, owner of Pavlovsk between 1849 and 1882. Died in Pavlovsk.[16]
- Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia (1798–1849) – son of Paul I of Russia and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. Owner of Pavlovsk between 1828 and 1849.[16]
- Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia and owner of Pavlovsk between 1915 and 1918. Born in Pavlovsk.[16]
- Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg. She was an art collector and President of the Imperial Academy of Arts of Saint Petersburg. Born in Pavlovsk.[16]
- Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg) (1759–1828) – the second wife of Tsar Paul I of Russia and mother of Tsar Alexander I and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. Owner of Pavlovsk between 1788 and 1828. Died in Pavlovsk.[16]
- Queen Sofia of Spain, the paternal grandmother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and the great-grandmother of Charles III. Born in Pavlovsk.[16]
- Georg von Cancrin(1774–1845) – writer and statesman, General and Minister of Finances, died in Pavlovsk.
- Eugene Lanceray (1875–1946) – Russian graphic artist, painter, sculptor, mosaicist, and illustrator, born in Pavlovsk.
- Aleksandr Nikitenko (1804–1877) – literature critic and historian, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Died in Pavlovsk.
- Leonid Yanush (1897–1978) – a painter who lived in Pavlovsk between 1912 and 1927.
References
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- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ a b c Johann Gottlieb Georgi (1996). Описание российско-императорского столичного города САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ и достопримечательностей в окрестностях оного, с планом (Description of Russian imperial capital of St. Petersburg and attractions in the vicinity thereof, with a plan). St. Petersburg.: Лига. pp. 496–504.
- ^ Hayden 2005, p. 94
- ^ Lanceray, pp. 51–52
- ^ a b c d Крепость "Бип" (Павловская крепость), НП"Петербургский Строительный Клуб"
- ^ Kuchumov , A. M. (1970). Павловск. Путеводитель по дворцу-музею и парку (Pavlovsk. Palace and Park Guidebook). St. Petersburg: Лениздат.
- ^ a b c d e Pavlovsk, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
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- ^ a b Hayden, p. 120
- ^ Shvidkovsky, p. 281
- ^ Shvidkovsky, 284
- ^ Lanceray, p. 85
- ^ Lanceray, pp. 47–49
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- ^ Schwartz V (1967). Пригороды Ленинграда (Suburbs of Leningrad). St. Petersburg – Moscow: Искусство.
- ^ Царскосельская железная дорога (Tsarskoselskaya Railways)[permanent dead link], Промтехдепо
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- ^ Schwarz W. (1967). The suburbs of Leningrad. St. Petersburg, Moscow: Искусство. pp. 123–189.
- ^ УТРАЧЕННЫЕ КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ЦЕННОСТИ. Павловский дворец (Lost Exhibits. Pavlovsk Palace) Archived December 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, State Museum of Pavlovsk
- ^ Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments - UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
- ^ ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ от 6 февраля 2006 г. N 117 О РЕЕСТРЕ НАЗВАНИЙ ОБЪЕКТОВ ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЫ, (Decree of 6 February 2006 No. 117 on names of the municipal objects) Government of St. Petersburg (in Russian)
- ^ Darinskii, pp. 12–18
- ^ a b Darinsky, pp. 21–29
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- ^ "Пушкинский район в 2008 году, основные итоги экономического и социального развития (Pushkin region in 2008, main results of the economic and social development)". Administration of St. Petersburg. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
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- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Топонимическая энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга [Toponymic Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg]. Saint Petersburg: Информационно-издательское агентство ЛИК. 2002.
- ^ "Глава Муниципального образования города Павловска - Внутригородское муниципальное образование город Павловск" [Head of the Municipal Formation of the City of Pavlovsk - Intra-City Municipal Formation of the City of Pavlovsk]. mo-pavlovsk.ru. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
- ^ "Глава Муниципального образования города Павловска - Внутригородское муниципальное образование город Павловск" [Head of the Municipal Formation of the City of Pavlovsk - Intra-City Municipal Formation of the City of Pavlovsk]. mo-pavlovsk.ru. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
- ^ г.Павловск (Санкт-Петербург), Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry
- ^ Герб города Павловск (Coat of arms of Pavlovsk) geraldika.ru
- ^ Флаг города Павловск (Flag of Pavlovsk) geraldika.ru
- ^ Путеводитель по Павловску. Аудиогид по Павловску
- ^ Санкт-Петербург: Энциклопедия. — СПб.: Бизнес-Пресса, 2006.
- ^ Топонимическая энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга. — СПб.: Информационно-издательское агентство ЛИК, 2002.
Bibliography
- Darinskii AV (1982). География Ленинграда (Geography of Leningrad). St. Petersburg: Lenizdat.
- Hayden, Peter (2005). Russian Parks and Gardens. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 0-7112-2430-7.
- ISBN 5-901841-34-4.
- Shvidkovsky, Dmitry (2007). Russian architecture and the West. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10912-2.
External links
- Official website about the Pavlovsk palace
- Pavlovsk Palace
- Pavlovsk Palace and Park – by Kuchumov
- Pavlovsk – information on garden history and design
- Autumnal views of Pavlovsk
- The Pavlovsk Park views
- Photo (1024x768). The Pavlovsk Palace.
- Photo (1024x768). The Pavlovsk Park.
- Bernier, Olivier (October 1, 1989). "Russia's Reborn Splendor". New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2006.