Phalaenopsis amabilis
Phalaenopsis amabilis | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Orchidaceae |
Subfamily: | Epidendroideae |
Genus: | Phalaenopsis |
Species: | P. amabilis
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Binomial name | |
Phalaenopsis amabilis | |
Subspecies[3] | |
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Synonyms[2][4][5][6] | |
Synonyms of Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. amabilis
Synonyms of Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. moluccana
Synonyms of Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii
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Phalaenopsis amabilis, commonly known as the moon orchid, moth orchid,
Phalaenopsis amabilis is native to
Phalaenospsis amabilis is one of the three national flowers of Indonesia, where it is known as anggrek bulan (lit. "moon orchid").[7]
Description
Phalaenopsis amabilis is an
Taxonomy and naming
In 1750, before the system of binomial nomenclature had been formalised by Carl Linnaeus, Georg Eberhard Rumphius had collected the species on Ambon Island and described it as Angraecum albus majus in his book Herbarium Amboinense.[3][13] Linnaeus described it in Species Plantarum giving it the binomial Epidendrum amabile[14][15] and in 1825, Carl Ludwig Blume changed the name to Phalaenopsis amabilis.[2][16] The specific epithet (amabilis) is a Latin word meaning "lovely".[17]
Subspecies
There are three subspecies of P. amabilis recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families:
- Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. amabilis[4] which is the most widespread subspecies and is distinguished from the other subspecies by its cross-shaped labellum middle lobe, the base of which has yellow and red markings;[18]
- Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. moluccana (Schltr.) Christenson[5] which has a linear-oblong labellum middle lobe, with a slight dilation at its base where there are yellow and white markings;[18]
- Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii (
In Australia, subspecies rosenstromii is recognised as Phalaenopsis rosenstromii by the Australian Plant Census.[19] It was discovered by Gus Rosenstrom "on trees, high from the ground, Daintree River" and was first formally described by Frederick Manson Bailey who published the description in the Queensland Agricultural Journal.[20][21]
Distribution and habitat
Phalaenopsis amabilis usually grows on trees, rarely on rocks, in rainforest where the humidity is high but there is free air movement. Subspecies amabilis has the widest distribution and occurs from
Conservation
Phalaenopsis rosenstromii was listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 but the listing was updated to Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii in May 2016. The main threat to the subspecies in Australia is illegal collecting.[22]
Use in horticulture
Phalaenopsis amabilis is reported to be very easy to grow as a houseplant, as long as attention is paid to a correct feeding and watering regimen. It thrives in a domestic temperature range of 17–22 °C (63–72 °F), in bright indirect light such as that offered by an east- or west-facing window. Specialist orchid compost and feed is widely available. Species and cultivars in the genus Phalaenopsis are recommended for beginners.[23]
In cultivation in the United Kingdom, Phalaenopsis amabilis has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[24][25]
Phalaenopsis amabilis is one of the parents of Phalaenopsis Harriettiae, reportedly the first man-made Phalaenopsis hybrid, created by John Veitch and recorded in 1887.[26]
Importance
Phalaenopsis amabilis (Indonesian: anggrek bulan meaning "moon orchid") is one of the three national flowers in Indonesia, the other two being the sambac jasmine and padma raksasa.[7] It was officially recognized as national "flower of charm" (Indonesian: puspa pesona) in Presidential Decree No. 4 in 1993.[27]
The orchid is also the official flower of Kota Kinabalu, the capital city of Sabah, Malaysia.[28]
References
- ^ "Appendices I, II and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna. 2010-10-14. Retrieved 2019-12-20.
- ^ a b c "Palaenopsis amabilis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ a b c d "Phalaenopsis amabilis". Kew Science: Plant of the World Online. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. amabilis". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ a b "Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. moluccana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ a b "Phalaenopsis amabilis subsp. rosenstromii". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ a b c "ASEAN National Flowers". Centre for International Affairs. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ Lo, Raymundo W. (7 March 2023). "What ails our orchid industry?". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- PMID 26276316.
- ^ ISBN 1877069124.
- ^ "Phalaenopsis amabilis". Orchids of New Guinea. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ D.L.Jones; T.Hopley; S.M.Duffy (2010). "Factsheet - Phalaenopsis rosenstromii". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ Rumphius, Georg Eberhard (1750). Herbarium amboinense (Volume 6). Amsterdam. p. 99. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Epidendrum amabile". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum (Volume 2). Stockholm. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ Blume, Carl Ludwig (1825). Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indië. Batavia. p. 294. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
- ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 84.
- ^ PMID 26276316.
- ^ "Phalaenopsis rosenstromii". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Phalaenopsis rosenstromii". APNI. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Phalaenopsis rosenstromii, its systematics, distribution, conservation and propagation". The Australian Orchid Foundation. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Approved Conservation Advice for Phalaenopsis rosenstromii" (PDF). Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
- ^ "Phalaenopsis Orchid Care Instructions". Organic Gardening Advice. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Phalaenopsis amabilis". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 76. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
- ^ Sarah Forsyth (2011). "Top of the pots". The Garden. 136 (12). RHS Media: 33.
- ^ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993 Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Maskot Bandaraya".
External links
- Media related to Phalaenopsis amabilis at Wikimedia Commons