Prussian Formation
| Prussian Formation | |
|---|---|
Ma | |
 | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Sub-units |
|
| Lithology | |
| Other | Sambian Peninsula |
The Prussian Formation, previously known as the Amber Formation, is a geologic formation in Prussia, today mostly Kaliningrad Oblast that dates to the Eocene.[1] It holds 90% of the world's amber supply and Baltic amber is found exclusively in the Prussian Formation.[2]
The Prussian Formation is equivalent to the Obukhov Formation of Ukraine and Belarus.
Geological context
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In situ Baltic amber is found within the Prussian Formation, with the main amber bearing horizon being referred to as "Blue Earth", so named due to its glauconite content. The formation is exposed in the northern part of the Sambia Peninsula in Kaliningrad.
Different authors have given estimates of 40-47 million years ago and 35-43 million years ago as the age of the Prussian Formation.[1]
Paleobiology
Numerous extinct genera and species of plants and animals have been discovered and scientifically described from inclusions in the Prussian Formation.
Flora
| Name | Authors | Year | Family | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heinrichs et al | 2015 | Geocalycaceae
|
A liverwort
|
||
| Heinrichs et al | 2014 | Mniaceae | A bryopsid moss |
Fauna
- Agroecomyrmex Wheeler, 1910[7]
- Aphaenogaster mersa Wheeler, 1915[7]
- Aphaenogaster oligocenica Wheeler, 1915[7]
- Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti (Mayr, 1868)[7]
- Arostropsis Yunakov & Kirejtshuk, 2011[8]
- Aspidopleura Gibson, 2009[9]
- Asymphylomyrmex Wheeler, 1915[7]
- Balticopta gusakovi Balashov & Perkovsky, 2020[10]
- Baltimartyria Skalski, 1995
- Brevivulva Gibson, 2009[9]
- Deinodryinus areolatus (Ponomarenko, 1975)[12]
- Deinodryinus velteni Guglielmino & Olmi, 2011[12]
- Diochus electrus Chatzimanolis & Engel, 2011[13]
- Electrinocellia (Carpenter) Engel, 1995[14]
- Electropodagrion Azar & Nel, 2008[15]
- Electrostephanus Brues, 1933[16]
- Elektrithone Makarkin, Wedmann, & Weiterschan, 2014[17]
- Eogeometer vadens Fischer, Michalski & Hausmann, 2019[18]
- Epiborkhausenites Skalski, 1973[19]
- Glisachaemus Szwedo, 2007[20]
- Gracillariites Kozlov, 1987
- Metanephrocerus collini Carpenter & Hull, 1939[21]
- Metanephrocerus groehni Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014[21]
- Metanephrocerus hoffeinsorum Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014[21]
- Kuznezov, 1941
- Fibla carpenteri Engel, 1995[14]
- Metapelma archetypon Gibson, 2009[9]
- Micropterix gertraudae Kurz & Kurz, 2010
- Mindarus harringtoni (Hele, 2008)
- Neanaperiallus Gibson, 2009[9]
- Palaeovespa baltica Cockerell, 1909[22]
- Palaeovespa socialis Pionar, 2005[23]
- Prolyonetia Kusnetzov, 1941
- Propupa Stworzewicz & Pokryszko, 2006[24]
- Pseudogarypus synchrotron Henderickx, 2012[25]
- Stigmellites baltica(Kozlov, 1988) (Lepidopteran leaf mines)
- Xylolaemus sakhnovi Alekseev & Lord, 2014[26]
- Succinipatopsis Poinar, 2000[27]
- Yantarogekko balticus Bauer et al., 2005
- Yantaromyrmex constricta (Mayr, 1868)[28]
- Yantaromyrmex geinitzi (Mayr, 1868)[28]
- Yantaromyrmex samlandica (Wheeler, 1915)[28]
References
- ^ PMID 34113480.
- ISSN 0869-5938.
- ISBN 978-3931516949.
- ISBN 978-0-9558636-4-6.
- .
- .
- ^ a b c d e Wheeler, W. M. (1914). "The Ants of the Baltic Amber". Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg. 55 (4): 56–59.
- PMID 22303121.
- ^ doi:10.3897/zookeys.20.161. Archived from the originalon 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Balashov I.A. & Perkovsky E.E. 2020. An Eocene land snail Balticopta gusakovi gen.n., sp.n. (Stylommatophora: Gastrocoptidae) from Baltic amber // Invertebrate Zoology. Vol.17. No.1: 18–24.
- ^ PDF.
- ^ PMID 22259295.
- PMID 22144854.
- ^ hdl:1808/16479.
- doi:10.1080/00379271.2008.10697580. – via Taylor & Francis(subscription required)
- hdl:2445/36428.
- PMID 24870683.
- PMID 31748672.
- ^ Skalski, A. W. (1973). "Studies on the Lepidoptera from Fossil Resins. Part II. Epiborkhausenites obscurotrimaculatus gen. et sp. nov. (Oecophoridae) and a Tineid-Moth Discovered in the Baltic Amber" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 18 (1): 153–160.
- ^ Szwedo, J. (2007). "Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni gen. et sp. nov. of Cixiidae from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)" (PDF). Alavesia. 1: 109–116. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
- ^ .
- ^ Cockerell, T. D. A. (1906). "Fossil Hymenoptera from Florissant, Colorado". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 50 (2).
- ^ Poinar, G. (2005). "Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic Amber". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 107 (1): 55–63.
- ^ Stworzewicz, E.; Pokryszko, B. M. (2006). "Eocene Terrestrial Snails (Gastropoda) from Baltic Amber" (PDF). Annales Zoologici. 56 (1): 215–224.
- ^ Henderickx, H.; Tafforeau, P.; Soriano, C (2012). "Phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography reveals the morphology of a partially visible new Pseudogarypus in Baltic amber (Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudogarypidae)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 15 (2, 17A, 11p): 1–11.
- ISSN 1407-8619.
- .
- ^ .