Pueblo IV Period
Ancestral Puebloan periods |
---|
Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era 7000–1500 BCE |
Early Basketmaker II Era 1500 BCE–50 CE |
Late Basketmaker II Era 50–500 |
Basketmaker III Era 500–750 |
Pueblo I Period 750–900 |
Pueblo II Period 900–1150 |
Pueblo III Period 1150–1350 |
Pueblo IV Period 1350–1600 |
Pueblo V Period 1600–present |
The Pueblo IV Period (AD 1350 to AD 1600) was the fourth period of
The Pueblo IV Period (
Architecture
Puebloan villages in Arizona and New Mexico had multi-storied pueblos of up to a thousand clustered rooms. The New Mexico villages were generally larger than those of western region, which had large plazas with long, rectangular kivas.[1]
Communities
The great migration out of Colorado and Utah at the end of the
- Rio Grande valley. Many puebloan people were found in the Rio Grande Valley, including the Acoma Pueblo and Zuni Pueblo areas, when the Spanish arrived about 1540.[1]
- Bandelier area pueblos experienced considerable construction, increased population and improved standard of living after 1300.[3] Black-on-white pottery excavated at Bandelier was indistinguishable from that of the Mesa Verde National Park, indicating that at least some of the new residents came from Mesa Verde.[4]
- Abandoned communities. Many of the sites of the early Pueblo IV period were abandoned by the 15th century, such as those in the White Mountains, Verde Valley, Middle Little Colorado River and Anderson Mesa.[5] Petrified Forest villages were generally abandoned by the late 16th century. The land continued to be used for its resources and for travel.[5]
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Pecos National Historic Park
-
Taos Pueblo 1880
Spanish colonization
An upsurge in the lifestyle of the Rio Grande valley residents in the beginning of the Pueblo IV Period was tempered by the 16th century
Culture and religion
- The people of the Frijoles Canyon in Bandelier area in the 14th century had black hair and red-brown skin and were short in stature, an average of about 5 feet and 4 inches tall for men. Women were about 5 feet tall. Generally, couples had a few children. Domesticated dogs were often part of a family's household.[6]
- Religion. The Ancient Pueblo People integrated
Agriculture
Sites were located next to reliable water sources which were often used to irrigate farm land. Gardens were established in terraces and stone-outlined "waffle gardens" near the pueblo.[1] Once harvested, maize was ground using manos and metates. The presence of griddle stones hints at the creation of baked paper-like cornbread.[7]
Small game and birds were hunted or trapped and seasonal wild plants were gathered to supplement the diet:
- Spring – beeweed and mustardgreens
- Summer – chokecherries, currants, gooseberries and raspberries, yucca fruit
- Fall –
Pottery
Plain surfaced pottery replaced the corrugated pottery of the
Other material goods
Emerging material goods during this period were small triangular projectile points and piki stones for making bread.[5]
Cultural groups and periods
The cultural groups of this period include:[8]
- Ancestral Puebloans – southern Utah, southern Colorado, northern Arizona and northern and central New Mexico.
- Hohokam – southern Arizona.
- Mogollon – southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico and northern Mexico.
- Patayan – western Arizona, California and Baja California.
Notable Pueblo IV sites
Arizona | Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico | Other New Mexico |
---|---|---|
Awatovi Ruins Bailey Ruin Casa Grande Mesa Grande Oraibi Pueblo Grande |
Puye Cliff Dwellings Bandelier area Pecos area |
Gallery
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Pueblo Grande, Arizona
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Sandia Mountains, sacred land of the Sandia Pueblo people
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Zuni Pueblo, 1850 illustration
References
- ^ a b c d e f Ancestral Pueblo – Pueblo IV. Anthropology Laboratories of the Northern Arizona University. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ a b Pueblo Indian History. Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ a b Late Pueblo Period. Bandalier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-14-2011.
- ^ Droughts and Migrations. Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-14-2011.
- ^ a b c d e Ancient Farmers. Petrified Forest National Park, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-16-2011.
- ^ Life of the Early People at Bandelier. Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-14-2011.
- ^ a b Life of the Early People at Bandelier: Food. Bandelier National Monument, National Park Service. Retrieved 10-15-2011.
- ISBN 0-8153-0725-X.
- ^ Acoma Pueblo. Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Cochiti Pueblo. Archived 2009-02-17 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument. Archived 2009-01-23 at the Wayback Machine Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Jemez Pueblo. Archived 2011-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ History of The Pueblo of Jemez. Walatowa Visitor Center. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Laguna Pueblo. Archived 2011-12-13 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Nambe Pueblo. Archived 2008-11-10 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Picuris Pueblo. Archived 2007-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Pojoaque Pueblo. Archived 2008-09-18 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Sandia Pueblo. Archived 2011-12-11 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ A Brief History of the Santa Ana Pueblo. Pueblo of Santa Ana. 2001. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Santa Clara Pueblo. Archived 2008-09-18 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Tesuque Pueblo. Archived 2008-11-10 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Zia Pueblo. Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
- ^ Zuni Pueblo. Archived 2007-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Indian Pueblo Cultural Center. 2007. Retrieved 10-12-2011.
Further reading
- Reed, Paul F. (2000) Foundations of Anasazi Culture: The Basketmaker Pueblo Transition. University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-656-9.
- Stuart, David E.; Moczygemba-McKinsey, Susan B. (2000) Anasazi America: Seventeen Centuries on the Road from Center Place. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-2179-8.
- Wenger, Gilbert R. The Story of Mesa Verde National Park. Mesa Verde Museum Association, Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, 1991 [1st edition 1980]. ISBN 0-937062-15-4.