Meeker Massacre
Meeker Massacre, leading to White River War / Battle of Milk Creek | |
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White River and Milk Creek, Colorado 40°02′N 107°59′W / 40.03°N 107.99°W |
Nicaagat (Jack)
44 wounded
7 missing
Meeker Massacre, or Meeker Incident, White River War, Ute War, or the Ute Campaign
The conflict resulted in the Utes losing most of the lands granted to them by treaty in Colorado, the forced removal of the White River Utes and the Uncompahgre Utes from Colorado,[2] and the reduction in the Southern Utes' land holdings within Colorado. The expulsion of the Utes from Colorado opened up millions of acres of land to white settlement.[3]: 387–89
Background
In 1879, the Ute Reservation included most of western Colorado and in 1868 had been granted the Utes for their "absolute and undisturbed use and occupation" by a Treaty. The Treaty also stated that the U.S. government would prevent any persons from trespassing on Ute lands without authorization.
In 1878,
In addition, Frederick Walker Pitkin, the recently elected Governor of Colorado, had campaigned on a theme of "The Utes Must Go!" The Governor, other local politicians, and settlers made exaggerated claims against the Utes in their efforts to evict them from Colorado.[5]
The conflicts
Attack on White River Agency
Nathan Meeker had a tense conversation with an irate Ute chief. This occurred after Meeker began to implore on a change of lifestyle for the Utes. Meeker wired for military assistance, after he had been assaulted by an Indian, driven from his home, and severely injured.[8]
On September 29, 1879, the Ute attacked the Indian Agency, killing Meeker and ten men working at the Indian Agency.[9] The attack on the Indian Agency occurred almost simultaneously with the Ute ambush of Major Thomas T. Thornburgh's soldiers near Milk Creek.[6] The dead included: Nathan Meeker, Frank Dresser, Henry Dresser, George Eaton, Wilmer E. Eskridge, Carl Goldstein, W.H. Post, Shaduck Price, Fred Shepard, Arthur L Thompson, and "Unknown teamster" [Julius Moore].[10] Ute members of the raiding party took some women and children as hostages. These hostages were used by the Ute Raiders to bargain with Government Representatives in order to secure a better outcome for the Ute raiders. The hostages were held by the Ute raiders for 23 days.[9][11][12] Two of the women taken captive were of Meeker's family: his wife, Arvilla, and daughter, Josephine, who had just graduated from college and had started working as a teacher and physician.
One Ute woman, Shawsheen, along with her husband, adamantly advocated for the release of the captives and their safety.[13] Josephine Meeker said of her captivity, "We all owe our lives to the sister of Chief Ouray..."[13]
Attack on U.S. Army troops at Milk Creek
Major
On September 29, 1879, Ute warriors simultaneously ambushed Thornburgh's forces and, at the Indian Agency, killed Meeker and Meeker's employees.
Troops rescued at Milk Creek
Larger U.S. Army relief columns were sent from two forts, Fort Steele and
Aftermath
Meeker and his ten associates were killed.[9] The army and militiamen lost thirteen dead and forty-four wounded, most of them in the first twenty-four hours of the engagement. Eleven soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor and approximately thirty were decorated for heroic conduct in one of the most decorated battles of the Indian Wars.[17]: 181 The Medal of Honor awardees included Sergeant Henry Johnson and Captain Francis Dodge.[6] Chief Jack estimated that nineteen Ute warriors were killed and seven were unaccounted for,[18] though other sources say the Ute lost thirty-seven killed in both the Meeker incident and the battle.[1][17]: 176
Hostility
After the Milk Creek and White River incidents, there was intense hostility toward the Utes, both within Colorado and the American army, and mounting pressure to drive them entirely from the state, or to exterminate them altogether.[8]: 145–50 There had already been a desire to move the Utes off their land prior to the outbreak of the war, so the fighting added fuel to the fire.[3]: 376–77
Initial treaty negotiations
Treaty negotiations were the result of the intercession of Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz, who stopped any movement of forces against the Ute until such time as the hostages were safely released. Former Indian agent Charles Adams, who had previously served at White River, managed to secure the hostages' release by the White River Utes.[8]: 150–51 [a] Negotiations began in November 1879 with a Peace Commission at the Los Piños Indian Agency.[8]: 163
Ute Removal Act
After this commission failed to produce results,
After removal the Uncompahgre Utes named their new land reserve Ouray Reservation after the late Chief Ouray, who died in August 1880, occurred on August 28, 1881. The Uncompahgres were moved under the accompaniment of the army, commanded by Colonel Ranald MacKenzie. The army was used to force the Utes to move, but it also served to protect the Utes from the wrath of the settlers who followed the exodus of the Uncompahgres.[8]: 187–89
The White River Utes were more difficult to move. The
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b "CGSC – Command and General Staff College". Cgsc.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-10-13. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
- ISBN 0-19-506297-3.
- ^ OCLC 110210.
- ^ "Treaty with the Ute: March 2, 1868". First People. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
- ^ a b Katherine Retzler, Review: Peter Decker, The Utes Must Go, San Juan Silver Stage online Archived January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ISBN 978-0842025867.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8.
- ^ ISBN 1-55591-465-9.
- ^ a b c d e "Milk Creek battlefield". National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
- ^ Jacob Piatt Dunn, Massacres of the Mountains: A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West, Boston: Harper & Brothers, 1886, p. 704, accessed 20 Dec 2010
- ^ a b "Milk Creek battle (or Meeker Massacre)". Meeker Colorado Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ^ Jerry Keenan, "Meeker Massacre," in Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars: 1492—1890, (Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1997).
- ^ OCLC 708358007.
- ISBN 978-1-55566-214-1.
- ^ "Captain Dodge's Colored Troops to the Rescue". Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ^ Colorado Springs Gazette, 2 October 1879,
- ^ a b Miller, Mark E, Hollow Victory, University Press of Colorado, 1997
- ISBN 978-0615176222.
- ISBN 0-394-58255-1
- ^ Dr. Ted Fetter, "The Utes and the Unitarians", November 22, 2009 at the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-8032-4107-7.