Qara Yusuf

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Qara Yusuf
Qara Iskander
Co-sultanPirbudag (1411–1418)
Born1356 or 1357
Erciş
Died17 November 1420(1420-11-17) (aged 62–63)
Ujan pastures, Tabriz
Burial
Erciş, Turkey
DynastyQara Qoyunlu
FatherQara Mahammad
ReligionShia Islam (possibly)

Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf ibn Mohammad Barani

Tamerlane's invasion (1400–1405). He was the son of Qara Mahammad Töremish, a brother-in-law to Ahmad Jalayir.[3]

Rise to chiefdom

After his father's death in rebellion by Pir Hasan, Qara Qoyunlu elders gathered to choose his brother Khwaja Misr, however more energetic Qara Yusuf prevailed in succession. He made short-term alliance with

Qara Osman against Pir Hasan and crushed his forces.[1]

Early reign

At the beginning of Qara Yusuf's reign, the Qara Qoyunlu established an alliance with the

Azerbaijan. In 1394, Timur imprisoned Khwaja Misr and sent him to Samarkand.[5]

By collaborating on equal terms with the

Sultan Ahmed Jalayir
against the Timurids, Qara Yusuf effectively secured the independence of the Qara Qoyunlu.

The Timurid Invasion

The Timurids began another campaign in 1400 and defeated both the Qara Qoyunlu and the Jalayirids. Qara Yusuf and

Mamluk Egypt, but he imprisoned him out of fear of Timur. In 1403 the Timurids defeated Qara Yusuf at the Battle of Algami Canal and drove him out of Baghdad again, also killing his brother Yar Ali[3] which made him to seek asylum in Damascus, which was then ruled by Mamelukes.[6]

Soon they were both imprisoned on the order of Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Together in prison, the two leaders renewed their friendship, making an agreement that Sultan Ahmed Jalayir should keep Baghdad while Qara Yusuf would have Azerbaijan. Ahmad also adopted his son Pirbudag. When Timur died in 1405 Nasir-ad-Din Faraj released them both. However, according to Faruk Sümer, they were released on the orders of rebellious wali of Damascus – Sheykh Mahmud.[3]

Qara Yusuf, having returned from exile in Egypt and went back to Anatolia. He forced Timur's governor in Van Izzaddin Shir to submit, while capturing Altamış, another viceroy set up by Timur and sending him to Barquq.[5] He later moved on to Azerbaijan.[7] He defeated the Timurid Abu Bakr at the Battle of Nakhchivan on 14 October 1406 and reoccupied Tabriz. In 1407 he raided Georgia, took 15,000 prisoners and killed Giorgi VII.[8] Abu Bakr and his father Miran Shah tried to recapture Azerbaijan, but on 20 April 1408, Qara Yusuf inflicted a decisive defeat on them at the Battle of Sardrud in which Miran Shah was killed. This battle, one of the most important in the history of the Orient, nullified the results of Timur's conquests in the West.[9]

In 1409 he entered Tabriz and sent a raiding party to Shirvan, especially Shaki, which was fruitless. Another invasion force was sent to capture Sultaniyya and Qazvin under the command of Bistam Beg. The same year, he marched to Anatolia and deposed Salih Şihabeddin Ahmed (thus ending the Mardin branch of the Artuqids),[3] who was then married to a daughter of Yusuf and sent to govern Mosul.[10]

Defeating Jalayirids

Having firmly established as a ruler of Azerbaijan with Tabriz as his capital, Qara Yusuf fell foul of his former ally

Shah Muhammad (another son of Qara Yusuf) to be governor of Baghdad. He was executed the next day passing Iraq into the hands of Qara Yusuf after Bistam Beg urged him. Qara Yusuf declared his son as "sultan" and crowned him in 1411, however he was still in charge as regent.[3][11][12]

Later reign

Further consolidating his rule, he marched on Shirvan, where

Aintab which was then under Mamluk rule in response to them granting asylum to Qara Osman.[13]

In October 1418, his son and nominal sultan Pirbudag died, which left Qara Yusuf in grief for days. He tried to forge an anti-Timurid alliance with

Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh – Timurid envoy to Ming China, he also sent an emissary to Yongle Emperor around the same time.[15]

Death

He died on his way to battle

Qara Iskander retreated to Ganja and Barda. While Jahan Shah took his father's body to be buried in his ancestral town Erciş.[14]

Aftermath

After the death of Qara Yusuf in December 1420,

Timurids succeed, when he entrusted the government to Iskander's own brother, Jahan Shah as his vassal.[9]

Family

He was married to a daughter of Manuel III of Trebizond.[17][failed verification] He was also married to Timur's great-granddaughter, a daughter of Abu Bakr, son of Miran Shah. Following Qara Yusuf's death, she was remarried by Shah Rukh to Khalilullah I of Shirvan.[18][19]

Sons

Daughters

  • Unnamed daughter married to Shamsaldin –
    Emir of Bitlis

References

  1. ^
    OCLC 890945955
    .
  2. OCLC 890340135
    .
  3. ^ a b c d e f Sümer, Faruk. "KARAKOYUNLULAR – TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  4. doi:10.7827/TurkishStudies.773
    .
  5. ^
    OCLC 23544001
    .
  6. ^ Ismail Aka, "Shahrukh's campaigns against Kara Koyunlu" (in Turkish), E.Ü. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, pp. 4, 1989
  7. ISSN 1916-9655
    .
  8. ^ Kouymjian, Dickran, and Dickran Kouymjian. 1998. Armenia from the fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the forced emigration under Shah Abbas (1604) ; and, A critical bibliography for the history of Armenia from 1375 to 1605. [Fresno]: Armenian Studies Program, California State University, Fresno.
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-8135-1304-9
    , p. 458
  10. OCLC 79217723
    .
  11. OCLC 473170399
    .
  12. OCLC 1030059221
    .
  13. ^ ÇAKMAK, Mehmet Ali (21 November 2014). "Fights Between Akkoyunlu and Karakoyunlu". Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 25 (3).
  14. ^
    OCLC 39091665
    .
  15. OCLC 33871338
    .
  16. ^ "FATḤ-NĀMA – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
  17. JSTOR 3164977
    .
  18. ^ Minorskij, V. (1958). A history of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th – 11th centuries by V. Minorsky. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. p. 137.
  19. ISBN 978-1-139-46284-6
    .

See also
Preceded by Sultan of Qara Qoyunlu
1410–1420 		Succeeded by
Qara Iskander
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