Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland

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The subject of rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland at the

Winter Offensive of 1945.[3]

Among the factors contributing to the escalation of sexual violence against women, during the occupation of Poland, was a sense of

Huta Szklana, not to mention other crimes, including rape–murder in Łagiewniki. The heavily armed marauders robbed cars, horse-drawn carriages, even trains. In his next letter to Polish authorities, the same starosta wrote that rape and plunder is causing the population to fear and hate the Soviet regime.[1][4][5]

Red Army Winter Offensive of 1945

Regions of occupied Poland upon the Soviet westward offensive

Cases of mass rape occurred in major Polish cities taken by the Red Army. In

Kraków Main station, Poles who tried to rescue the victims of gang rape were shot at. Meanwhile, church masses were held in expectation of the Soviet withdrawal.[6]

Polish women in Silesia were the target of mass rape along with their German counterparts even after the Soviet front moved much further west.[3][7] In the first six months of 1945, in Dębska Kuźnia 268 rapes were reported. In March 1945 near Racibórz, 30 women captured at a linen factory were locked in a house in Makowo and raped over a period of time under the threat of death. The woman who gave her testimony to the police, was raped by four men. German and Polish women were apprehended on the streets of Katowice, Zabrze and Chorzów and gang raped by drunken soldiers, usually outdoors.[3] According to Naimark, the Red Army servicemen did not differentiate along the ethnic lines, or between victims and occupiers.[8]

Polish and German women in Warmia and Masuria endured the same ordeal, wrote Ostrowska & Zaremba.[3] One letter from the Recovered Territories claimed that in the city of Olsztyn in March 1945, practically no woman survived without being violated by the Soviet rapists "irrespective of their age". Their ages were estimated to range from 9 to 80. Sometimes, a grandmother, a mother and a granddaughter were among the victims. Women were gang raped by as many as several dozen soldiers. In a letter from Gdańsk dated 17 April 1945, a Polish woman who acquired work around the Soviet garrison reported: "because we spoke Polish, we were in demand. However, most victims there were raped up to 15 times. I was raped seven times. It was horrible." A letter from Gdynia, written a week later, said that the only resort for the women was to hide in the basements all day.[9]

The coming of spring

There is evidence that a loophole in the Soviet directives might have contributed to even greater number of rapes committed on Polish women by the Red Army soldiers, according to Jerzy Kochanowski from the

County of Leszno some "war commanders" began to openly claim that their soldiers needed to have sex. At the same time, the farms given to Poles arriving from Kresy were robbed of anything of value by the Red Army, especially agricultural equipment left behind by the Germans.[10]

According to Ostrowska & Zaremba, the month of June 1945 was the worst. A 52-year-old victim of gang rape from

Ostrów county, 33 rapes were recorded. The local Militia report stated that on June 25 near Kraków a husband and child were shot dead before a woman was raped in one village, while in another, a 4-year-old girl was sexually assaulted by two Soviet males.[3] According to statistics of the Polish Ministry of Health, there was a pandemic of sexually transmitted diseases across the country, affecting around 10% of the general population. In Masuria up to 50% of women were infected.[3]

According to historian Wiesław Niesiobędzki, in East Prussia (Prusy Wschodnie) many ethnic German women, alarmed by the Nazis, fled ahead of the Soviet offensive, leaving the Polish women to endure rapes and witness the systematic burning of ransacked houses, for example in the town of Iława in late January 1945 under the Soviet Major Konstantinov. Eye witness Gertruda Buczkowska spoke of a labor camp near Wielka Żuława employing two hundred ethnic Belarusian women. In late January 1945 Buczkowska saw their bodies in the snow while fleeing with her mother and five German women of Hamburg who had joined them. The five Germans were found naked and dead in a basement of a house on Rybaków street in Iława a few days later.[11]

Return from forced labour

According to Ostrowska and Zaremba, Polish women taken to Germany for slave labour were raped on a large scale by Soviet soldiers as well as former prisoners of war. In May 1945, at the conference of delegates of various repatriation offices, the final resolution stated: "through

Soviet POWs and Soviet citizens working for SVAG, who often wore uniforms" which looked the same.[12]

Sometimes, even the presence of militia could not provide adequate protection, since the militiamen were frequently disarmed. For the women, moving trains and the train stations were especially dangerous, as in

Delegatura Rządu na Kraj, quoted by Ostrowska & Zaremba. In some counties there were virtual "orgies of rape". The commandant of Polish militia headquarters in Trzebiatów issued a warning to all Polish women not to walk outside without escort.[3]

"With nearly two million Russian deserters and former POWs at large in Soviet-occupied Europe, it is no wonder that banditry on their part became a serious problem for the occupation," wrote Naimark.[13] The number of Polish victims of rape in 1944–1947 would be hard to estimate accurately.[3] The biggest difficulty in estimating their number comes from the fact that the ethnic makeup of the victims was not always stated in Polish official reports. Generally speaking, the attitude of Soviet servicemen toward women of Slavic background was better than toward those who spoke German. According to Ostrowska & Zaremba, whether the number of purely Polish victims could have reached or even exceeded 100,000 remains a matter of guesswork.[3]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b Janusz Wróbel,* "Wyzwoliciele czy okupanci? Żołnierze sowieccy w Łódzkiem 1945–1946." (PDF, 1.48 MB) Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej 2002, nr 7. Quote in Polish: "Poza jednostkowymi aktami gwałtów, zdarzały się ekscesy na skalę masową."
    Dr Janusz Wróbel is a research scientist with the Institute of National Remembrance, author of scholarly monographs about Soviet deportations and postwar repatriation of Poles, including Uchodźcy polscy ze Związku Sowieckiego 1942–1950, Łódź, 2003 Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, Na rozdrożu historii. Repatriacja obywateli polskich z Zachodu w latach 1945–1949, Łódź 2009, 716 pages Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine, and many seminars.[1] Archived 2017-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^
    ISBN 0-253-34731-9.
    Dr. Katherine R. Jolluck of Stanford University is the author of Exile and Identity: Polish Women in the Soviet Union during WWII (2002), and Gulag Voices: Oral Histories of Soviet Incarceration and Exile (2011), see inauthor:"Katherine R. Jolluck"
    in Google Books.
  3. ^
    Humboldt Universitat zu Berlin, and a historian associated with Krytyka Polityczna
    .
  4. ^ Grzegorz Baziur, OBEP IPN Kraków (2002). "Armia Czerwona na Pomorzu Gdańskim 1945–1947 (Red Army in Gdańsk Pomerania 1945–1947)". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (Institute of National Remembrance Bulletin). 7: 35–38.
  5. ISBN 83-87689-40-8
    .
  6. ISBN 83-08-03289-3) written by Chwalba from a historical perspective, also cited in Google scholar. {{cite journal}}: External link in |quote= (help
    )
  7. ^ Daniel Johnson (24 January 2002). "Red Army troops raped even Russian women as they freed them from camps". World: Europe. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 19 March 2015. The rapes had begun as soon as the Red Army entered East Prussia and Silesia in 1944.
  8. ISBN 0-674-78405-7
    pp. 106-7.
  9. ^ Ostrowska, Zaremba: "Kobieca gehenna". Krytyka Polityczna, 4 March 2009. Source: Polityka nr 10/2009 (2695).
  10. ^
    ISBN 9780742510944. Retrieved August 21, 2011. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
    Professor Jerzy Kochanowski from the Institute of 20th Century History of the University of Warsaw, served as deputy editor-in-chief
    of the historical journal Mówią Wieki in 1994–1995. He specializes in Polish-German and Polish-Russian affairs.
  11. ^ Wiesław Niesiobędzki, Jak to z tym „wyzwalaniem” było (What sort of "liberation" was it). Kurier Iławski weekly, 2004-09-17.
    Wiesław Niesiobędzki is a professional historian who graduated from the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. He is the author of 12 books of history and the society, published between 1984 and 2008, including the Historical Guide to Iława (Przewodnik Historyczny Iławy) released for the 690th anniversary of the city.
  12. SVAG
    following the defeat of Nazism. In 1947–1948 Drabkin wrote for Sovetskoe slovo (Soviet Word), the Russian-language paper of the Soviet occupation zone. Drabkin, a Russian historian specializing in Germany, is the author of "'Hitler’s War' or 'Stalin’s War'?" published in the Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, Vol. 40, No. 5. (2002).
  13. ISBN 0-674-78405-7
    pp. 74-75.
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