Warmia
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Warmia (Polish: Warmia; Latin: Varmia, Warmia; German: ⓘ; Warmian: Warńija; Old Prussian: Wārmi) is both a historical and an ethnographic region in northern Poland, forming part of historical Prussia. Its historic capitals were Frombork and Lidzbark Warmiński and the largest city is Olsztyn.
Warmia is currently the core of the
Warmia is part of a larger historical region called
Warmia is bordered by
History
Early times
By the early Middle Ages the Warmians, an Old Prussian tribe, inhabited the area.
Beginning of the Northern Crusades
In the 13th century the area became a battleground in the
Teutonic Order
In 1226 Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the
By the end of the 13th century the Teutonic Order had conquered and Christianized most of the Prussian region, including Warmia. The Teutonic Order recruited mostly German-speaking settlers to develop the land. The new régime reduced many of the native Prussians to the status of serfs and gradually Germanized them. [citation needed]. Native Prussians were also reported as holders of estates. Over several centuries the colonists, native Prussians and immigrants gradually intermingled.[citation needed] Until the early 13th century, also the southern parts of Warmia were German-speaking. Polish settlers arrived later, particularly after 1410, mainly to southern Warmia, so that German was replaced by Polish in this area.[5]
In 1242 the
After the 1410
Kingdom of Poland
In February 1440 the nobility of Warmia and the town of Braniewo (Braunsberg) co-founded the Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule, and most towns of the Warmia joined the organization in May 1440.[7] In February 1454, the organization asked Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon to incorporate the region to the Kingdom of Poland, to which the king agreed and signed the act of incorporation in Kraków on 6 March 1454,[8] and the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) broke out. During the war Warmia was recaptured by the Teutonic Knights, however, in 1464 Bishop Paweł Legendorf vel Mgowski sided with Poland and the Prince-Bishopric came again under the overlordship of the Polish King.[9] In the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to Warmia, and recognized Polish sovereignty over the region, which was confirmed to be part of Poland.[10] It was administratively remained a Prince-Bishopric with several privileges, part of the larger provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland Province.
Soon after, in 1467, the Cathedral Chapter elected
Warmia was invaded by the Teutonic Knights during the
In 1565, Cardinal Stanislaus Hosius founded the Collegium Hosianum in Braniewo, which became the leading institution of higher learning in the region.
After the
Prussia and Germany
By the
Between 1773 and 1945 Warmia was part of the predominantly
On 6 May 1863, the village of Bredynki was the site of a massacre of Polish inhabitants. Local farmers protested the taking of the lake from the village and handing it over to a local miller.[16] Prussian troops fired on the crowd, killing more than a dozen people, including women, and wounding 30.[16]
In the winter of 1863–1864, Polish insurgents of the January Uprising who fled the Russian Partition of Poland, found shelter in Warmia.[17]
Year | District | Population | German | Polish / Bilingual | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percent | Number | Percent | |||
1825 | Allenstein (city) | 2,637 | 1,371 | 52.0% | 1,266 | 48.0% |
Allenstein (district) | 27,820 | 3,556 | 12.8% | 24,264 | 87.2% | |
Rössel | 30,705 | 23,927 | 77.9% | 6,778 | 22.1% | |
Total | 61,162 | 28,854 | 47.2% | 32,308 | 52.8% | |
1910 | Allenstein (city) | 33,077 | 29,344 | 88.7% | 3,683 | 11.1% |
Allenstein (district) | 57,919 | 22,825 | 39.4% | 35,079 | 60.6% | |
Rössel | 50,472 | 43,189 | 85.6% | 7,283 | 14.4% | |
Total | 141,468 | 95,358 | 67.4% | 46,045 | 32.5% |
In 1871, along with the rest of East Prussia, Warmia became part of the German Empire. In 1873, according to a regulation of the Imperial German government, school lessons at public schools inside Germany had to be held in German, as a result the Polish language was forbidden in all schools in Warmia, including Polish schools already founded in the sixteenth century. In 1900 Warmia's population was 240,000. In the jingoistic climate after World War I, Warmian Poles were subject to persecution by the German government. Polish children speaking their language were punished in schools and often had to wear signs with insulting names, such as "Pollack".[21]
After the
Despite German hostility, the Poles founded numerous Polish organizations in Warmia in the interbellum. Persecution of Poles intensified after the Nazi Party rose to power in Germany. Due to severe persecution, from 1936 Polish organizations carried out their activities partly in conspiracy.[24] Polish organizations were heavily invigilated by the Sicherheitspolizei (German security police) through its undercover agents, known as the Vertrauensmänner.[25] Based on their information, the German police compiled files and lists of Poles who were supposed to be either executed or imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps.[25] Nazi militants carried out attacks on Polish schools, organizations, printshops, shops.[25] The persecution of Poles further intensified in 1939.[25] In early 1939, many Polish activists were expelled.[24] Afterwards, in an attempt to rig the results of an upcoming census and understate the number of Poles in the region, the Germans terrorized the Polish population, attacked Polish schools and organizations, and confiscated Polish pre-census information leaflets.[26] In summer 1939 the German terror against the Poles even exceeded the terror from the period of the 1920 plebiscite.[27] Poles were subjected to expulsions and arrests, there were terrorist attacks on Polish organizations and schools, Polish libraries were looted or destroyed, and entire volumes of Polish press were confiscated.[25][27] In August 1939, Germany introduced martial law in the region, which allowed for even more blatant persecution of Poles.[27] Germany co-formed the Einsatzgruppe V in Olsztyn, which then committed various atrocities against Poles during the German invasion of Poland that began World War II in September 1939.[28] In August and September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of Poles, including activists, teachers, school principals, bank employees, newspaper editors, entrepreneurs, priests, scout leaders, and the consul and employees of the Polish Consulate in Olsztyn, and shut down or seized Polish newspapers and libraries.[29][30][31] Arrested Poles were mostly deported to concentration camps, incl. Hohenbruch , Soldau, Stutthof, Sachsenhausen, Gusen and Ravensbrück.[32] During World War II, many Poles from the region were forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht.[33] The Germans operated a notable Nazi prison in the town of Barczewo (Wartenburg) with several forced labour subcamps in the region.[34] The Polish resistance movement was active in the region and Polish underground press was distributed.[35]
Polish Republic
Following Germany's defeat in World War II, and the Yalta Conference and Potsdam Conference of 1945, Warmia became again part of Poland as part of so-called Recovered Territories, pending a final peace conference with Germany which eventually never took place.[36] The German inhabitants either fled or were transferred to Germany by Soviet and communist authorities installed in Poland and the remaining Polish inhabitants were joined by Polish settlers,[37] many of whom were displaced from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union.
Olsztyn is the largest city in Warmia and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivedeship. During 1945–46, Warmia was part of the Okreg Mazurski (Masurian District). In 1946 a new voivodeship was created and named the Olsztyn Voivodeship, which encompassed both Warmia and Masurian counties. From 1975 to 1998, Warmia was divided between the Olsztyn and Elbląg Voivodeships, and in 1999 it was entirely included with the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The Catholic character of Warmia has been preserved in the architecture of its villages and towns, as well as in folk customs.
Anthem
The unofficial anthem of Warmia is O Warmio moja miła from 1920, with music by local Polish composer Feliks Nowowiejski and lyrics by Maria Paruszewska. It is also the bugle call of the region's largest city of Olsztyn.
Sights
Three landmarks in Warmia are listed as Historic Monuments of Poland:
- Gothic Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Andrew in Frombork with its fortifications and the Copernicus Tower[38]
- Gothic Castle of the Warmian Bishops in Lidzbark Warmiński[39]
- Stoczek Klasztorny[40]
Other sights include the old towns of Olsztyn and Reszel with the Reszel and Olsztyn castles, the Old Town of Barczewo with the museum of Polish composer Feliks Nowowiejski at his birthplace. There are also several palaces, including the Baroque Grabowski Palace in Lidzbark Warmiński and the palace in Smolajny, favorite summer residence of leading Polish Enlightenment poet Ignacy Krasicki. The Basilica of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Gietrzwałd is a popular regional pilgrimage site.
Places of stay of
A typical feature of the Warmian landscape are the massive Gothic churches in the towns and the numerous historic wayside shrines in various towns and villages, a reminder of the region's strong Catholic traditions.
Cuisine
In addition to traditional nationwide Polish cuisine, Warmia has its own regional and local traditional foods and beverages, as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.
Unique local dishes include the Lord-style turkey wings (Skrzydła indycze po pańsku).
The tradition of producing Warmian smoked beef ham (Warmińska szynka wołowa wędzona) is cultivated by several meat-packing plants in Warmia.[42]
The officially protected traditional alcoholic beverages of Warmia are Okowita miodowa warmińska, a beverage of 42%
Sports
The most accomplished sports team of Warmia is AZS Olsztyn, multiple times Polish volleyball champions and Polish Cup winners. The first several tournaments of the Memorial of Hubert Jerzy Wagner, an international volleyball friendly competition, were held in Warmia.
Cities and towns
City | Population (2015)[45] | Granted city rights | |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Olsztyn | 174,675 | 1353 |
2. | Braniewo | 17,385 | 1254 |
3. | Lidzbark Warmiński | 16,352 | 1308 |
4. | Biskupiec | 10,626 | 1395 |
5. | Dobre Miasto | 10,599 | 1329 |
6. | Orneta | 9,046 | 1313 |
7. | Barczewo | 7,265 | 1364 |
8. | Reszel | 4,817 | 1337 |
9. | Jeziorany | 3,346 | 1338 |
10. | Pieniężno | 2,949 | 1312 |
11. | Bisztynek | 2,492 | 1385 |
12. | Frombork | 2,475 | 1310 |
Gallery
-
Lidzbark Warmiński Castle
-
Remains of the Braniewo Castle
-
Pieniężno Castle
-
Frombork Cathedral
-
Saint James Pro-cathedral in Olsztyn
-
Collegiate church in Lidzbark Warmiński
-
Saints Peter and Paul church in Reszel
-
Collegiate church in Dobre Miasto
-
Saint Catherine of Alexandria church in Braniewo
People
- Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 in Toruń – 1543 in Frombork), mathematician and astronomer
- Stanislaus Hosius (1504 in Kraków – 1579 in Capranica), Polish writer and diplomat, Bishop of Warmia
- Marcin Kromer (1512 in Biecz – 1589 in Lidzbark Warmiński), Polish cartographer, diplomat and historian, personal secretary of Kings of Poland, Bishop of Warmia
- Regina Protmann (1552 in Braunsberg – 1613 in Braunsberg), Polish Roman Catholic, founder of the Sisters of Saint Catherine
- Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski (1650 – 1711 in Dobre Miasto), Polish translator, prolific writer, Bishop of Warmia
- Polish Enlightenmentpoet
- Antoni Blank (1785 in Olsztyn – 1844 in Warsaw), Polish painter
- Allenstein– 1919 in Berlin), German socialist politician, jurist and pacifist
- Feliks Nowowiejski (1877 in Wartenburg – 1946 in Poznań), Polish composer, conductor, concert organist and music teacher
- Maximilian Kaller (1880 in Bytom – 1947 in Frankfurt on Main), Roman Catholic Bishop of Warmia
- Allenstein – 1953 in San Francisco), Jewish German architect, known for expressionist architecture
- Allenstein– 2005 in Cologne), German SPD politician
- Braunsberg – 2006 in Munich), German CDU politician
- Georg Sterzinsky (1936 in Warlack – 2011 in Berlin), German cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the Archbishop of Berlin
See also
- Prince-Bishopric of Warmia
- Archbishopric of Warmia
- Bishops of Warmia
References
- ^ Linguistic map Poland 1912
- ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish and Latin). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 96–97, 214–215.
- ^ Also called the Warms, Varms, Varmi, Warmians, Varmians.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Crusades Archived 2014-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Hermann Pölking". Ostpreußen - Biographie einer Provinz (in German). Weltbild. p. 50. Udo Arnold (1987). Europa im Hoch- und Spätmittelalter. Klett-Cotta. p. 481.
- ^ "Miasto i Gmina Pieniężno Miasto Pieniężno - oficjalny portal miejski". Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2006.
- ^ Górski, pp. XXXI, XXXVII
- ^ Górski, p. 54
- ^ Górski, p. LXXXII
- ^ Górski, pp. 99, 217
- ^ "WHKMLA : Royal Prussia : Warmia Stift Feud (Pfaffenkrieg), 1467-1479". zum.de. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^ Dr Jaroslav Miller. Urban Societies in East-Central Europe, 1500–1700. Ashgate Publishing. p. 179.
- ^ Lerski, Jerzy Jan; Wróbel, Piotr; Kozicki, Richard J. (1996). Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 403.
- ^ a b "Sarkofag ze szczątkami Kopernika w drodze do Fromborka". dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ Nationale Minderheiten und staatliche Minderheitenpolitik in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert, Hans Henning Hahn, Peter Kunze, p. 109
- ^ a b Groniewska, Barbara (1960). "Rola Prus Wschodnich w powstaniu styczniowym". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 1. pp. 13–14.
- ^ Groniewska, p. 32
- ]
- ^ von Haxthausen, August (1839). Die ländliche verfassung in den einzelnen provinzen der Preussischen Monarchie (in German). Königsberg: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. p. 81.
- ^ Leon Sobociński, Na gruzach Smętka, wyd. B. Kądziela, Warszawa, 1947, p. 61 (in Polish)
- ^ "Strona główna - Dom Warmiński". Dom Warmiński. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
- ^ "Rocznik statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" (PDF). 9 June 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ a b Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 38.
- ^ ISSN 1641-9561.
- ^ Cygański, p. 39
- ^ a b c Cygański, p. 40
- ^ Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 54.
- ^ Wardzyńska (2003), pp. 39–40
- ^ Cygański, pp. 41–42
- ^ Ceranka; Szczepanik, p. 293
- ^ Cygański, p. 43
- ^ Cygański, p. 63
- ^ "Zuchthaus Wartenburg". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ISBN 978-83-8229-411-8.
- ISBN 9780880331746.
- ISBN 9780742510944.
- ^ Zarządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 września 1994 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii., Dz. U. z 1994 r. Nr 50, poz. 414
- ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 20 kwietnia 2018 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Lidzbark Warmiński - zamek biskupów warmińskich"., Dz. U. z 2018 r. poz. 944
- ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 19 grudnia 2022 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Stoczek Klasztorny - Sanktuarium Matki Pokoju", Dz. U. z 2022 r. poz. 2764
- ^ a b "Skrzydła indycze po pańsku". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "Warmińska szynka wołowa wędzona". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "Okowita miodowa warmińska". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "Porter warmiński". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "Lista miast w Polsce (spis miast, mapa miast, liczba ludności, powierzchnia, wyszukiwarka)". polskawliczbach.pl. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- (in Polish) Erwin Kruk, "Warmia i Mazury", Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, Wrocław 2003, ISBN 83-7384-028-1
External links
- Ermland, Heilsberg, Culm, Riesenburg, Samland bishoprics on 1615 list of Imperial Offices (Ordines Imperii)
- (in English) Region of Warmia Archived 20 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- (in Polish) Warmia and Masuria
- (in German) Catholic Ermlanders page
- Heilsberg Epicopate Warmia in Prussia map of 1755 Archived 22 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 749. .