Red-crowned parakeet
Red-crowned parakeet | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Psittaciformes |
Family: | Psittaculidae |
Genus: | Cyanoramphus |
Species: | C. novaezelandiae
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Binomial name | |
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrman, 1787)
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Synonyms | |
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The red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), also known as red-fronted parakeet and by its
Taxonomy
The red-crowned parakeet is a member of the order
Subspecies
- Mainland red-crowned parakeet, C. novaezelandiae novaezelandiae[5]
- Chatham red-crowned parakeet, C. novaezelandiae chathamensis[5]
- Kermadec red-crowned parakeet, C. novaezelandiae cyanurus[5]
Past subspecies
Since many of the Cyanoramphus species are very morphologically similar, several of them have only recently been upgraded to the species level in light of results from molecular analyse.
- Reischek's parakeet, C. hochstetteri[4]
- New Caledonian parakeet, C. saisseti[4]
- Lord Howe parakeet, C. subflavescens[6]
- Norfolk parakeet, C. cooki[4]
- hybridisation.[4]Overall, at present, the Forbes’ parakeet is still considered a distinct species.
- Macquarie parakeet, C. erythrotis †: New DNA analysis is required to determine the correct status of the Macquarie parakeets, as the specimens used in Boon, Kearvell et al. (2001) were not correctly authenticated.[7]
Description
Adults
Red-crowned parakeets are green parrots with large tails. They are easiest to identify by their bright yellow-green plumage, and crimson forehead, lores, eye-stripes and front of the crown. They also have red patches on either sides of the rump. While they are flying, their dark blue outerwing can be visible. Red-crowned parakeets have grey or pale brown legs and feet. Their bills are white to grey with a black tip.[8][9]
Females
Females are slightly smaller with a yellow stripe on the underwing. Their bill is also smaller and narrower.[8][9]
Juveniles
Juvenile red-crowned parakeets look similar to adults. However, their bill has a slight pinkish tinge. Moreover, the iris of young parakeets starts off as dull black or brown, and becomes increasingly red as they age. Juvenile males also sport a stripe under the wing like the females.[8]
Measurements
Body part | Size (mm) |
---|---|
Total body | 230-280 |
Wing | 125-139 |
Tail | 115-158 |
Bill | 14-17 |
Tarsus | 19-22 |
Vocalisations
We can recognise red-crowned parakeets by their soft musical chattering calls. Those vocalisations are stronger and lower-pitched than the yellow-crowned parakeet's. During flight and take off, they also emit a ki-ki-ki-ki-ki or kek-kik-kek sound.[3]
Distribution and habitat
Habitat
Red-crowned parakeets can live in a wide variety of habitats including dense temperate rainforests, coastal forests, scrubland, forest edges and open areas.[9] When their range overlaps with Yellow-crowned parakeets, red-crowned parakeets favour forest edges and open areas.[10]
Distribution
Red-crowned parakeets were once widespread across the North and South Island of New Zealand. Nowadays, however, most of those mainland populations have disappeared due to predation by introduced species.
On the mainland, this species occurs in large forest blocks in
Behaviour
Diet
Red-crowned parakeets are highly generalised and diverse when it comes to feeding. They consume flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves and buds from a variety of plants. They also complement their diet with a few invertebrates such as small aphids and can be fed mealworms. Their feeding habits vary throughout the year depending on the seasonal availability of food. In winter and spring, the birds mostly eat flowers. In summer and autumn, their main food items consist of seeds.[10]
Breeding
Red-crowned parakeets form monogamous pair bonds. Couples may or may not stay together after a breeding season, possibly depending on the success of their nesting.
Courtship feeding and other pair bond behaviours begin to take place about two months before laying the eggs, in mid-October. In the beginning of October, males begin to escort their companion to inspect potential nest sites. While he stands guard in front a hole, the female cautiously explores it. She communicates that she found a suitable one by repeatedly entering and exiting the hole. The female then proceeds to excavate a hole up to 10–12 cm deep and 15 cm wide in the floor of the nest chamber with her upper mandible and feet. Wood chips from the walls are chewed and used as substrate. Throughout the whole nest-building process, the male remains nearby, feeding himself and his mate as well as chasing other parakeets away. Successful breeding pairs have been seen coming back to the same nesting location the next year.
Nests are mostly found in the holes of large healthy trees, although cavities of other kinds are not excluded. These include holes in cliffs, cavities amongst the roots of plants, abandoned seabird burrows and manmade structures. It has also been noticed that a majority of nest entrances face north.
Egg laying takes place from November to January, peaking in December. On average, clutches count 7 eggs, yet can range from 4 to 9. Eggs look oval and white with a slight gloss which fades during incubation. In red-crowned parakeets, only the female incubates. While in the nest, they are seen turning their eggs regularly. Otherwise, they spend their time sleeping, preening or digging. This period last from 23 to 25 days. Again, males visit the nest regularly to feed their companion by regurgitation.
The eggs do not hatch all at the same time. Some chicks can emerge several days after the first one. The
Note that differences timing and clutch size might be observed between different subspecies of red-crowned parakeets considering they live in regions with different environmental conditions.
Status and conservation
The red-crowned parakeet is absolutely protected under New Zealand's Wildlife Act 1953.[13] The species is also listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.[2] It was once widespread across the islands and mainland of New Zealand. It was extremely abundant during the 1880s and irruptions occurred in a number of locations. Nevertheless, their numbers dropped drastically on the mainland due to their vulnerability to introduced species, particularly stoats, rats, and possums.
Reintroduction
Various
More recent attempts on Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand from 2004 to 2006 concluded that reintroduction can succeed in areas free of introduced predators.[15]
Beak and feather disease virus
Recent research conducted on Little Barrier Island, New Zealand, has confirmed the presence of the psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) amongst the local red-crowned parakeet population.[16]
Culture
Language
In the Māori language, noisy chattering or gossiping is likened to kākāriki chicks calling in the nest via the phrase "Ko te rua porete hai whakariki" (just like a nest of kākāriki).[17]
Aviculture
The red-crowned parakeet is common in aviculture and is relatively easy to breed. Several colour mutations are available including yellow, cinnamon, and piebald. Later breeding lines brought up cyan feather colors, similar to budgie phenotypes, although none of these variants can be encountered in the wilderness.
Colour mutants
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Yellow
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Pied
References
- . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
- ^ a b c d Parr, M., Juniper, T., D'Silva, C., Powell, D., Johnston, D., Franklin, K., & Restall, R. (2010). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- ^ a b c d e Boon, W.M.; Kearvell, J.; Daugherty, C. H.; Chambers, G. K. (2001): Molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki (Cyanoramphus spp.). Science for Conservation 176 PDF fulltext
- ^ a b c d Triggs, S., & Daugherty, C. H. (1988). Preliminary genetic analysis of New Zealand parakeets: Science and Research Directorate, Department of Conservation.
- ^ Christidis, L., & Boles, W. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds: CSIRO PUBLISHING.
- ^ Gill, B. J., & Ornithological Society of New Zealand. (2010). Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica: Te Papa Press.
- ^ a b c Scofield, R. P., & Stephenson, B. (2013). Birds of New Zealand : a photographic guide.
- ^ a b c Marchant, S., Higgins, P. J., Ambrose, S. J., & Davies, S. J. J. F. (1999). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Parrots to dollarbird: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Terry, C. G. (1998). Foraging ecology of the red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae) and yellow-crowned parakeet (C-auriceps auriceps) on Little Barrier Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 22(2), 161-171.
- ^ "Tiritiri Matangi Island - Birds". Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
- ^ Terry, C. G. (2003). "Breeding biology of red-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae) on Little Barrier Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand". Notornis, 50(2).
- ^ "Wildlife Act 1953". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ MacMillan, B. (1990). Attempts to re-establish wekas, brown kiwis and red-crowned parakeets in the Waitakere Ranges. Notornis, 37(1), 45-51.
- ^ Ortiz‐Catedral, L., & Brunton, D. H. (2009). Nesting sites and nesting success of reintroduced red‐crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) on Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 36(1), 1-10.
- ^ Ortiz-Catedral, L., McInnes, K., Hauber, M. E., & Brunton, D. H. (2009). First report of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in wild Red-fronted Parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand. Emu, 109(3), 244-247.
- ^ Best, Elsdon (1907). Forest Lore of the Maori. Wellington: E.C Keating.