Red-tailed black cockatoo

Red-tailed black cockatoo
A pair (male on left and female on right)
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Cacatuidae
Genus:	Calyptorhynchus
Species:	C. banksii
Binomial name
Calyptorhynchus banksii (Latham, 1790)
Subspecies
C. b. banksii C. b. graptogyne C. b. macrorhynchus C. b. naso C. b. samueli
Red-tailed black cockatoo range (in red)

The red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) also known as Banksian- or Banks' black cockatoo, is a large black cockatoo native to Australia. Adult males have a characteristic pair of bright red panels on the tail that gives the species its name. It is more common in the drier parts of the continent. Five subspecies are recognised, differing chiefly in beak size. Although the more northerly subspecies are widespread, the two southern subspecies, the forest red-tailed black cockatoo and the south-eastern red-tailed black cockatoo are under threat.

The species is usually found in eucalyptus woodlands, or along water courses. In the more northerly parts of the country, these cockatoos are commonly seen in large flocks. They are seed eaters and cavity nesters, and as such depend on trees with fairly large diameters, generally Eucalyptus. Populations in southeastern Australia are threatened by deforestation and other habitat alterations. Of the black cockatoos, the red-tailed is the most adaptable to aviculture,^[2] although black cockatoos are much rarer and much more expensive in aviculture outside Australia.^[3]

Taxonomy and naming

The species complex was first described by the

Five subspecies are recognised; they differ mainly in the size and shape of the beak, the overall bird size and female colouration:[24]

• C. b. banksii is found in Queensland and, rarely, in far northern New South Wales; it is the largest subspecies by overall body size and has a moderate-sized bill.^[24] It merges with subspecies macrorhynchus around the Gulf of Carpentaria. It has disappeared from much of its former range in northern New South Wales and southeast Queensland.^[25]
• C. b. graptogyne, (Endangered)
  Mount Gambier to the west, Portland to the south, Horsham to the northeast and Bordertown to the north.^[27] The smallest of the five subspecies,^[24] it was only recognised as distinct in the 1980s.^[28][29] It is predominantly dependent on stands of Eucalyptus baxteri (brown stringybark), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river redgum) and Allocasuarina luehmannii (buloke) for feeding and nesting.^[30] These tree species have been all threatened by land clearing and most remaining are on private land; possibly only 500–1000 individuals remain.^[31] The subspecies and its habitat are the subject of a national recovery plan.^[32] In 2007 local landowners are being reimbursed for assisting in regenerating suitable habitat.^[33]
• C. b. macrorhynchus, given the name great-billed cockatoo by Mathews,[34] is found across northern Australia. Although thought to be widespread and abundant, this subspecies has been little studied. It is also large and has a large beak, as its subspecific name implies. Females lack red colouration in their tails.^[7]
• C. b. naso (Vulnerable)
  Perth and Albany. This form has a larger bill,^[36] and favours marri (Corymbia (formerly Eucalyptus) calophylla), jarrah (E. marginata) and karri (E. diversicolor).^[37] Two of the most significant threats to this subspecies are illegal shooting and feral honeybees.^[38]
• C. b. samueli exists in four scattered populations: in central coastal Western Australia from the Pilbara south to the northern Wheatbelt in the vicinity of Northam, and inland river courses in Central Australia, southwestern Queensland and the upper Darling River system in Western New South Wales. Birds of this subspecies are generally smaller with smaller bills than the nominate banksii.^[39]

Description

Red-tailed black cockatoos are around 60 centimetres (24 in) in length and

Juvenile red-tailed black cockatoos resemble females until puberty, which occurs around four years of age, but have paler yellow barred underparts.[25] As the birds reach maturity, males gradually replace their yellow tail feathers with red ones; the complete process takes around four years.^[41]

As with other cockatoos, the red-tailed black cockatoo can be very long-lived in captivity; in 1938, ornithologist Neville Cayley reported one over fifty years old at Taronga Zoo.^[42] Another bird residing at London and Rotterdam Zoos was 45 years and 5 months of age when it died in 1979.^[43]

Several calls of red-tailed black cockatoos have been recorded. The bird's contact call is a rolling metallic krur-rr or kree, which may carry long distances and is always given while flying;^[44] its alarm call is sharp.^[44] Displaying males vocalize a sequence of soft growling followed by a repetitive kred-kred-kred-kred.^[21]

Distribution and habitat

The red-tailed black cockatoo principally occurs across the drier parts of Australia. It is widespread and abundant in a broad band across the northern half of the country, where it has been considered an agricultural pest,

Cockatoos are not wholly migratory, but they do exhibit regular seasonal movements in different parts of Australia. In the northern parts of the Northern Territory, they largely leave areas of high humidity in the summer wet season.^[46] In other parts of the country cockatoo seasonal movements tend to follow food sources, a pattern recorded in Northern Queensland,^[47][48] and New South Wales. In southwest Western Australia, both extant subspecies appear to have a north–south pattern; northwards after breeding in the case of subspecies naso,^[49] while movements by subspecies samueli in the wheatbelt can be irregular and unrelated to the seasons.^[50]

Behaviour

Red-tailed black cockatoos are

The male red-tailed black cockatoo courts by puffing up crest and cheek feathers, and hiding the beak; it then sings and struts, ending in a jump and a flash of red tail feathers toward the female who will most often reply by defensively biting him.[52] Breeding generally takes place from May to September except in the case of the South-eastern subspecies, which nests during summer (December to February). Pairs of the subspecies samueli in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia may produce two broods,^[37] while those of South-eastern subspecies only produce one.^[53] Nesting takes place in large vertical tree hollows of tall trees. Isolated trees are generally chosen, so birds can fly to and from them relatively unhindered. The same tree may be used for many years. Hollows can be 1 to 2 metres (3–7 ft) deep and 0.25–0.5 metres (10–20 in) wide, with a base of woodchips. A clutch consists of one or two white, lustreless eggs, although the second chick is in most cases neglected and perishes in infancy.^[54]

• 
  Chick at 1 hour old
• 
  Chick at 1 day old
• 
  Chick at 1 week old
• 
  Chick at 2 weeks old
• 
  Chick at 3 weeks old
• 
  Chick at 4 weeks old
• 
  Chick at 5 weeks old
• 
  Chick at 6 weeks old

Feeding

Although red-tailed black cockatoos feed on a wide variety of native and introduced grains, the mainstay of their diet is

The red-tailed black cockatoo is protected under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Amendment (Wildlife Protection) Act 2001.^[57] These birds are listed internationally under Appendix II of CITES, which allows international trade in live wild-caught and captive-bred specimens, if such exports are not detrimental to wild populations.^[58] However, the current Australian restrictions on commercial exports from Australia are not imposed by CITES.^[57] C. b. graptogyne is also specifically listed as endangered on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

Status of the red-tailed black cockatoo as a species, and as a subspecies, also varies from state to state within Australia. For example:

• The south-eastern red-tailed black cockatoo subspecies C. b. graptogyne is listed as endangered on Schedule 7 of the
  National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 of South Australia.^[59] and is the smallest of the species. Though a June, 2012 count of approximately 1500 individuals is a notable increase from the 2007 count of just 1000, it remains in danger of extinction.^[60][61]
• C. b. graptogyne is also listed as threatened on the Victorian
  endangered.^[64]
• The red-tailed black cockatoo is listed as vulnerable on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995^[65]

Like many Australian cockatoos and parrots, the red-tailed black cockatoo is threatened by the thriving illegal trade in bird smuggling.^[66] High demand and high transit mortality mean that many more birds are taken from the wild than actually sold.^[67]

In 1997, the Northern Territory Government's Department of Natural Resources, Environment and The Arts (now defunct) proposed a plan for management of the trade in eggs and nestlings of C. b. macrorhynchus. To date the plan has not been implemented.^{[Notes 1]} The Australian Senate inquiry into the Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife concluded in early 1998 that routine capture and commercial use of adult wild birds should be prohibited.^[67]

The bird is part of an annual census, the

Great Cocky count, that has been held every year since 2009 to track the population change of Red-tailed and other black cockatoos.^[70]

Aviculture

In the late 1990s, red-tailed black cockatoos fetched prices of $1750 in Australia and $8900 (~US$6000) overseas.

crossbreeding.^[2]

The birds breed easily in captivity[72] and can lay eggs every 3 weeks between February and November. Once the female has one egg in her nest, she will not lay another. An egg takes about 30 days to hatch.^[73] The eyes of the young open around 3 weeks and the yellow down will show black pin feathers at about 6 weeks. The best time for hand raising is at about 10 weeks when their black feathers are in place but the tail feathers are still short. Young birds fledge after about 4 months and both sexes have the colouring of their mother. Mature male birds will become aggressive to young male birds at puberty (4 years); they must be separated if caged.^[72]

Captive breeding guidelines may be found in Husbandry Guidelines for the Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Bennett, 2008).^[74]

Cultural depictions

• A red-tailed black cockatoo, named Karak, was the official mascot of the 2006 Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne.^[75] Promotion coincided with an implementation of initiatives to ensure the survival of the south-eastern subspecies graptogyne, as well as increased environmental awareness at the games.
• A traditional story from western Arnhem Land tells of Black Cockatoo and her husband Crow, who are Bird-people, sprouting black feathers after becoming afflicted with a sickness from across the sea to the north. In fear of being buried underground, they transform into birds and fly high in the sky.^[76]
• In the folklore of the Tiwi people, the red-tailed black cockatoo is said to accompany the dead to heaven.^[77]

References

1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Calyptorhynchus banksii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.old-form url
2. ^ ^{a b c} Forshaw, p. 103
3. ^
   ISBN 978-0-642-24638-7.Online summary Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
4. ^ Latham, John (1790). Index Ornithologicus, Sive Systema Ornithologiae: Complectens Avium Divisionem In Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Ipsarumque Varietates (in Latin). Vol. 1. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 107.
5. ^ ^{a b} Forshaw, p. 94
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7. ^ ^{a b} Lendon, p. 64
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9. ^ Forshaw, p. 55
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12. ^ Jennings, J (1827). Ornithologia; or The Birds: a poem, in two parts; with an introduction to their natural history; and copious notes. London: Poole & Edwards. p. 399.
13. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 824. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015.
14. ^ ^{a b c} Forshaw, p. 89
15. ^ Hamilton P (1997). "red-tailed black cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus magnificus". Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2007.
16. ^ Garde, Murray. "karnamarr". Bininj Kunwok online dictionary. Bininj Kunwok Regional Language Centre. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
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19. ^ Abbott, Ian (2001). "Karrak-watch: The Forest red-tailed black cockatoo". NatureBase. Western Australia Dept. of Environment and Conservation. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
20. ^ Smith, Mrs. James (1880). The Booandik Tribe of South Australian Aborigines: A Sketch of Their Habits, Customs, Legends, and Language. Adelaide: E. Spiller, Government Printer.
21. ^ ^{a b} Courtney, J (1996). "The juvenile food-begging calls, food-swallowing vocalisation and begging postures in Australian Cockatoos". Australian Bird Watcher. 16: 236–49.
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24. ^
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25. ^ ^{a b c} Forshaw, p. 90
26. ^ Garnett, p.99
27. ^ Hill R, Burnard T. (2001) A Draft Habitat Management Plan for the South-eastern Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo. Unpublished report to the Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Recovery Team.
28. doi:10.1071/MU9800103
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29. ^ Schodde, R. (1988). "New subspecies of Australian birds". Canberra Bird Notes. 13 (4): 119–122.
30. doi:10.1071/MU9820042
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31. doi:10.1071/MU9910046
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32. ^ "National Recovery Plan for the South-Eastern Red-Tailed Black-Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne)". Australia Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2005. Archived from the original on 9 September 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
33. ^ "Landholders rewarded for helping save red tailed black cockatoo". ABC Southwest Victoria. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 4 April 2007. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
34. ^ Schodde, Richard (February 2000). "The Mathews collection and the Birds of Australia". NLA News. National Library of Australia. Archived from the original on 27 August 2006. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
35. ^ "Species Profile and Threats Database: Calyptorhynchus banksii naso — Forest Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo, Karrak". Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
36. ^
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37. ^
    doi:10.1071/MU9770107
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38. ^ "Forest Black Cockatoo (Baudin's Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus baudinii and Forest Redtailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso) Recovery Plan". Australian Government - Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. 14 May 2008. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
39. ^ Forshaw, p. 91–2
40. ^ Stewart, Doug (10 January 1996). "Why Cockatoos are Left-Footed". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
41. ^ Lendon, p. 66
42. ^ Lendon, p. 68
43. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2000.tb00735.x
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44. ^ ^{a b c d} Forshaw, p. 99–100
45. ^ Lim, T.K.; Bowman, L.; Tidemann, S. (1993). "A report on the survey of winged vertebrate pest damage on crops in the Northern Territory". Technical Bulletin (Northern Territory. Dept. Of Primary Industry and Fisheries) (209).
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47. doi:10.1071/MU970049
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48. doi:10.1071/MU970105
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49. ^ Ford JR (1965). "New Information on the distribution of birds of south-western Australia". The Western Australian Naturalist. 10 (1): 7–12.
50. ^ Sedgwick, Eric H. (1949). "Bird movements in the wheatbelt of Western Australia". The Western Australian Naturalist. 2 (2): 25–33.
51. ^ Forshaw, p. 97–8
52. ^ Forshaw, p. 100
53. doi:10.1071/MU9950141
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55. ^ Ahmet, Mike. (1998). The damage caused by Red-tailed Black-Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus banksii) on peanut and other crops within the farming district of Lakeland Downs, Cape York Peninsula. Report to Queensland Department of Environment.[1]
56. ^ Garnett, Stephen. (1998). Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo damage and damage mitigation at Lakeland Downs, Cape York Peninsula. Eclectus 5: 26-34.
57. ^ ^{a b} "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Amendment (Wildlife Protection) Act 2001". Commonwealth of Australia Law. Australian Government:Attorney-General's Department. 11 July 2001. Retrieved 5 September 2007.
58. ^ Inskipp T, Gillett HJ (2003). "Checklist of CITES Species" (PDF). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: 84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
59. ^ National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 – Schedule 7
60. ^ Impey, Tasha (6 June 2012). "Breeding baby Red-tailed Black-cockatoos". ABC South East SA. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
61. ^ Department of the Environment and Water Resources (3 June 2011). "National Recovery Plan for the South-eastern Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne". Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Commonwealth of Australia.
62. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Archived 18 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine
63. ^ Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Archived 11 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
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65. ^ DEC | NSW threatened species – Red-tailed Black-Cockatoo
66. ^ Anon (1995). "More "Renegades" Sentenced". Traffic USA. 14 (2): 6–7.
67. ^ ^{a b c} Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Committee (2003). "Commercial Utilisation of Australian Native Wildlife – Chapter 13: Aviculture". Parliament of Australia. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2007.
68. ^ Trial Management Program for the Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii) in the Northern Territory of Australia. Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory. February 1997.
69. ^ Vardon, M; Noske R; Moyle B (1997). "Harvesting black cockatoos in the Northern Territory: catastrophe or conservation?". Australian Biologist. 10 (1): 84–93.
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71. ^ Baker, Joe (2007). "Rare, unusual, difficult to find:Black Palm Red Tail and Gang-Gang Cockatoos, Blue Napes, Hawk Heads". Birds of Paradise Aviaries. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
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73. ^ Forshaw, p. 102
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77. ^ Goodfellow, Denise Lawungkurr. pers. comm.

Notes

1. ^ Proposed C. b. macrorhynchus quota plan: This subspecies, which is relatively abundant in the territory's northern part, was thought plentiful enough to sustain limited harvesting of young for commercial purposes. This involved the protection of selected 'harvest zones' and the capping of harvest at 600 eggs or hatchlings per year; all captive birds were to be marked with microchips. Separate permits would be issued for collection and export, as well as keeping one as a pet.^[68] The Northern Territory government's plan for a restricted harvest was supported by a group of biologists who argued that a 'do-nothing approach' had failed to address illegal trafficking and that limited public funds were available for species or habitat conservation. They felt that a catastrophic collapse in the Northern Territory population was highly unlikely, and that the cockatoo would benefit from increased awareness and a greater understanding of its ecology by local landowners. There would also be a valuable contribution to the science of sustainable utilisation of wild resources.^[69] Other experts raised serious concerns with the management plan; the famed psittacine biologist Joseph Forshaw opposed it on several grounds. He expressed concerns that, given the birds' long lifespan, recruitment problems may be masked for many years, by which time recovery of the cockatoo population may be impossible. He also feared that increasing supply would lower prices and hence lower profitability for those involved. Other groups such as the Avicultural Federation of Australia (AFA) raised concerns that populations may be aging due to lack of breeding sites, so they may be especially vulnerable to loss of juveniles which, again, may not be apparent for many years. They also feared that since adults mate for life, a bird whose partner was taken may not mate again.^[67]

Cited texts

• Forshaw, Joseph M.; William T. Cooper (2002). Australian Parrots (3rd ed.). Robina: Alexander Editions.
  ISBN 978-0-9581212-0-0
  .
• Flegg, Jim (2002). Birds of Australia: Photographic Field Guide. Sydney: Reed New Holland.
  ISBN 978-1-876334-78-9
  .
• Lendon, Alan H. (1973). Australian Parrots in Field and Aviary. Angus & Robertson.
  ISBN 978-0-207-12424-2
  .
• Garnett, S. (1993) Threatened and Extinct Birds of Australia. RAOU. National Library, Canberra.
  ISSN 0812-8014

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red-tailed Black Cockatoo.

Wikispecies has information related to Calyptorhynchus banksii.

• World Parrot Trust Parrot Encyclopedia – Species Profiles
• Website of Conservation Program of South-eastern Red-tailed Black Cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne)