Synthetic rubber

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A synthetic rubber is an artificial

matting, and flooring. They offer a different range of physical and chemical properties which can improve the reliability of a given product or application. Synthetic rubbers are superior to natural rubbers in two major respects: thermal stability, and resistance to oils and related compounds.[1] They are more resistant to oxidizing agents, such as oxygen and ozone
which can reduce the life of products like tires.

History of synthetic rubber

John Boyd Dunlop (c. 1915)

The expanded use of bicycles, and particularly their pneumatic tires, starting in the 1890s, created increased demand for rubber. In 1909, a team headed by Fritz Hofmann, working at the Bayer laboratory in Elberfeld, Germany, succeeded in polymerizing isoprene, making the first synthetic rubber.[2][3]

Studies published in 1930 written independently the Russian Lebedev, the American Wallace Carothers and the German scientist Hermann Staudinger led in 1931 to one of the first successful synthetic rubbers, known as neoprene, which was developed at DuPont under the direction of E. K. Bolton. Neoprene is highly resistant to heat and chemicals such as oil and gasoline, and is used in fuel hoses and as an insulating material in machinery. The company Thiokol applied their name to a competing type of rubber based on ethylene dichloride.[4]

In 1935,

monomers in alternating sequence. Other brands included Koroseal, which Waldo Semon developed in 1935, and Sovprene, which Soviet researchers created in 1940.[5]

World War II

Sheet of synthetic rubber coming off the rolling mill at the plant of Goodrich (1941)
World War II poster about synthetic rubber tires

Production of synthetic rubber in the United States expanded greatly during

Axis powers controlled nearly all the world's limited supplies of natural rubber by mid-1942, following the Japanese conquest of most of Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian colonies of British Malaya (now Malaysia) and the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) from where much of the global supply of natural rubber was sourced.[6]

Hanover/Limmer (reclamation, 20,000), and Leverkusen (5,000). A synthetic rubber plant at Oświęcim, in Nazi-occupied Poland, was under construction on March 5, 1944[10] operated by IG Farben and supplied with slave labor, by the SS, from the associated camp Auschwitz III (Monowitz).[11][12]

Types

The most prevalent synthetic rubber is

1,3-butadiene
. Other synthetic rubbers include:

  • polyisoprene, prepared by polymerization of isoprene
  • 2-chlorobutadiene
  • 2-propenenitrile
    and butadiene

Many variations of these can be prepared with mixtures of monomers and with various catalysts that allow for control of

stereochemistry.[13]

super balls. An elastomer widely used for external sheet such as roof coverings is Hypalon or chlorosulphonated polyethylene. Synthetic rubbers like EPR
can also be used for electrical insulation.

Silicone rubber

Main article: Silicone rubber

Silicone rubber is also a synthetic elastomer composed of silicone polymers. Silicone rubbers are widely used in industry, and there are multiple formulations. Silicone rubbers are often one- or two-part polymers, and may contain fillers to improve properties or reduce cost. Silicone rubber is generally non-reactive, stable, and resistant to extreme environments and temperatures.

Natural vs. synthetic rubber

Chemical structure of cis-polyisoprene, the main constituent of natural rubber. Synthetic cis-polyisoprene and natural cis-polyisoprene are derived from different precursors by different chemical pathways.

Natural rubber, coming from latex of Hevea brasiliensis, is mainly poly-cis-isoprene.

Synthetic rubber, like other polymers, is made from various petroleum-based monomers.

Some synthetic rubbers are less sensitive to

EPDM and butyl rubber
.

A new class of synthetic rubber is the

block copolymers
.

References

  1. ISBN 978-3527306732
    .
  2. LANXESS AG
    : 20
  3. ^ Michalovic, Mark (2000). "Destination Germany: A Poor Substitute". The Story of Rubber.
  4. ISBN 0-8247-0383-9
    . Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  5. ^ Current Biography 1940, "SEMON, WALDO LONSBURY" pp. 723–724
  6. ISBN 0788136461
    .
  7. Eisenhower Presidential Library: Collection of 20th Century Military Records, 1918–1950 Series I: Historical Studies Box 35: AAF Historical Office; Headquarters, Army Air Force, pp. 74–5, 81, SECRET ... Classification Cancelled ... JUN 10 1959{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link
    )
  8. ^ Gurney, Gene (1962), The War in the Air: a pictorial history of World War II Air Forces in combat, New York: Bonanza Books, p. 215
  9. ^ "Army Air Forces in World War II". February 11, 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009.
  10. ^ Williamson, Charles C. (5 March 1944), Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive (Appendices C & F), Hughes, R. D.; Cabell, C. P.;Nazarro, J. J.; Bender, F. P.; & Crigglesworth, W. J., Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library: SMITH, WALTER BEDELL: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941–1945; Box No.: 48: HQ, U.S.S.T.A.F, DECLASSIFIED ... 4/24/74{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  11. ISBN 978-0060825812
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0313246340
    .
  13. ISBN 978-3527306732
    .
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