Robert Gallo
Robert Gallo | |
---|---|
Infectious disease and virology | |
Research | Biomedical research |
Awards | Lasker Award (1982, 1986) Charles S. Mott Prize (1984) Dickson Prize (1985) Japan Prize (1988) Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (1999) Dan David Prize (2009) |
Robert Charles Gallo (
Gallo is the director and co-founder of the
Gallo was the most cited scientist in the world from 1980 to 1990, according to the Institute for Scientific Information, and he was ranked third in the world for scientific impact for the period 1983–2002.[1] He has published over 1,300 papers.[2]
Early life and education
Gallo was born in
Career
Gallo states that his choice of profession was influenced by the early death of his sister from leukemia, a disease to which he initially dedicated much of his research.[4]
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the discovery of human retroviruses
After listening to a talk by biologist
The discovery of IL-2 allowed T cells, previously thought to be dead end cells, to be grown significantly in culture for the first time, opening research into many aspects of T cell immunology. Gallo's lab later purified and biochemically characterized IL-2.
HIV/AIDS research
On May 4, 1984, Gallo and his collaborators published a series of four papers in the scientific journal
Gallo was awarded his second Lasker Award in 1986 for "determining that the retrovirus now known as HIV-1 is the cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)." He is the only recipient of two Lasker Awards.[16] In 1986, Gallo, Dharam Ablashi, and Syed Zaki Salahuddin discovered human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6),[20] later found to cause Roseola infantum, an infantile disease. In 1989, at a conference sponsored by the Catholic Church at Vatican City on HIV/AIDS, Gallo promised attendees that there would be an effective vaccine by 1992.[21]
In 1991, following years of controversy surrounding a 1987 out of court settlement between the National Institutes of Health and France's Pasteur Institute, Gallo admitted the virus he claimed to have discovered in 1984 was in reality a virus sent to him from France the year before, putting an end to a six-year effort by Gallo and his employer, the National Institutes of Health, to claim the AIDS virus as an independent discovery.[22] By the end of 1992 the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) found Gallo to be guilty of research misconduct. In late 1993 the ORI dropped the allegations because, based on "new standards", the evidence was insufficient to prove their case.[23] As a result, in 1994 the French-American blood-test agreement was tweaked, so that Montagnier received a bigger share of royalties from the sale of test kits.[24]
In 1995, Gallo with his colleagues Paolo Lusso and Fiorenza Cocchi published their discovery that chemokines, a class of naturally occurring compounds, are potent and specific HIV inhibitors.
Gallo and two longtime scientific collaborators,
Priority and the 2008 Nobel Prize
Assignment of priority for the discovery of HIV has been controversial and was a subplot in the 1993 American television film docudrama (and earlier book about the early history of AIDS) And the Band Played On.
Montagnier's group in France isolated HIV almost one and a half years before Gallo,[31] while Gallo's group demonstrated that the virus causes AIDS and generated much of the science that made the discovery possible, including a technique previously developed by Gallo's lab for growing T cells in the laboratory.[5] When Montagnier's group first published their discovery, they said HIV's role in causing AIDS "remains to be determined."[32]
In 1989, the investigative journalist John Crewdson
In the November 29, 2002 issue of Science, Gallo and Montagnier published a series of articles, one of which was co-written by both scientists, in which they acknowledged the pivotal roles that each had played in the discovery of HIV,[38][39][40] as well as a historical review in the New England Journal of Medicine.[41]
In 2008, Montagnier and his colleague
Organizations
In 2005, Gallo co-founded Profectus BioSciences, Inc., a biotechnology company. Profectus develops and commercializes technologies to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by human viral diseases, including HIV.[44]
In March 2011, Gallo founded the Global Virus Network in conjunction with William Hall of University College Dublin and Reinhard Kurth of the Robert Koch Institute. The network's goals include increasing collaboration among virus scholars, expanding virologist training programs, and overcoming gaps in research, especially during the early stages of viral epidemics.[45]
References
- National Institute of Health. Archived from the originalon 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
- ^ O'Connor, Tom (November 11, 2015). "HIV/AIDS expert Robert Gallo, M.D., to speak at UNMC". University of Nebraska Medical Center. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
- ^ a b c "Red Gold Robert Gallo". PBS. Archived from the original on July 7, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
- ^ Palacio, Zulima (2008-07-01). "AIDS Researcher Robert Gallo Making a Difference". Voice of America. Archived from the original on 2008-11-13.
- ^ PMID 181845.
- ISBN 0080518796)
- PMID 32499780.
- S2CID 4245051.
- PMID 6969402.
- PMID 6261256.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 6455129.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 6979048.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 6951204.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Natural antibodies to human retrovirus HTLV in a cluster of Japanese patients with adult T cell leukemia. Robert-Guroff M, Nakao Y, Notake K, Ito Y, Sliski A, Gallo RC.Science. 1982 Feb 19;215(4535):975–8
- ^ The human type-C retrovirus, HTLV, in Blacks from the Caribbean region, and relationship to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.Blattner WA, Kalyanaraman VS, Robert-Guroff M, Lister TA, Galton DA, Sarin PS, Crawford MH, Catovsky D, Greaves M, Gallo RC.Int J Cancer. 1982 Sep 15;30(3):257–64
- ^ a b "Lasker NIH Intramural Awardees". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
- ^ The four papers are,
- Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, Gallo RC (May 1984). "Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS". Science. 224 (4648): 497–500. PMID 6200935.
- Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, Shearer GM, Kaplan M, Haynes BF, Palker TJ, Redfield R, Oleske J, Safai B, et al. (May 1984). "Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS". Science. 224 (4648): 500–3. PMID 6200936.
- Schüpbach J, Popovic M, Gilden RV, Gonda MA, Sarngadharan MG, Gallo RC (May 1984). "Serological analysis of a subgroup of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) associated with AIDS". Science. 224 (4648): 503–5. PMID 6200937.
- Sarngadharan MG, Popovic M, Bruch L, Schüpbach J, Gallo RC (May 1984). "Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with AIDS". Science. 224 (4648): 506–8. PMID 6324345.
- Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, Gallo RC (May 1984). "Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS". Science. 224 (4648): 497–500.
- ^ New York Times.
- PMID 6189183.
- PMID 2876520.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ O'Grady, Desmond (November 20, 1989). "HIV-positive priest halts Vatican conference on AIDS". The Age. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. p. 9. Retrieved May 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Crewdson, John. "GALLO ADMITS FRENCH DISCOVERED AIDS VIRUS". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ "Cases of Known or Suspected Fraud - Gallo Case". The Regents of the University of California. 2000.
- ^ Harrison Smith (2021-02-10). "Luc Montagnier, Nobel-winning virologist who co-discovered HIV, dies at 89". The Washington Post.
- S2CID 84062618.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - PMID 8984652.
- ^ "Robert C. Gallo, M.D." bio. The Institute of Human Virology. Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
- PMID 10518563.
- ^ [1] Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Co-founders of the Institute of Human Virology Named 2012 Entrepreneurs of the Year
- ^ [2] Archived 2017-08-31 at the Wayback Machine Consortium Awards $23.4 Million for Promising HIV/AIDS Preventive Vaccine Candidate Developed by Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine
- ScienceNOW. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ S2CID 206582472.
- Crewdson, John (1989-11-19). "The Great AIDS Quest; Science under the microscope". (Special section, 16 pp.) Chicago Tribune.
- ^ "Summary of fraud accusation". ori.hhs.gov.
- ^ Gorman, Christine, TIME, "Victory at Last for a Besieged Virus Hunter," November 22, 1993, p. 61
- S2CID 4288880.
- Crewdson, John (1994-07-12). "U.S., France Settle Aids Virus Dispute; NIH will give up millions in profit from test patent". Chicago Tribune.
- S2CID 57481800.
- S2CID 82899411.
- S2CID 34227893.
- ^ Gallo, Robert, Montagnier, Luc (December 2003). "The Discovery of HIV as the Cause of AIDS." The New England Journal of Medicine : 2283–2285.
- ^ a b "The 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine". The Nobel Assembly. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
- New York Times. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- ^ "Welcome to Profectus BioSciences". www.profectusbiosciences.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
- ^ "Welcome to the Global Virus Network". Retrieved 2014-01-09.
Further reading
- Gallo, Robert (1991). Virus Hunting: AIDS, Cancer & The Human Retrovirus. A Story of Scientific Discovery. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-09806-1.
- )
- ISBN 0-316-13476-7.
- ISBN 978-0-312-37463-1.
External links
- [3] Combatting AIDS at Home by Dr. Robert Gallo, The Washington Post, op-ed, November 16, 2008
- Holton, Noel. "AIDS at 20: A Look Back, A Look Ahead with World-Renowned Scientist Dr. Robert Gallo". Institute of Human Virology. University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute. Archived from the original on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2016-04-16.[unreliable source?]
- Official biography
- Discovering the Cause of AIDS, by Stanley B. Prusiner
- Robert Gallo optimistic about finding an HIV vaccine soon Archived 2005-12-11 at the Wayback Machine - A recorded Interview on IsraCast
- NIH oral History of Dr. Robert C. Gallo on AIDS research
- The Sound and Fury of HIV
- French researchers win for virus discovery; controversial scientist shunned
- Portrait, Interviews und Lectures
- Dan David Prize laureate 2009