Sabina Spielrein
Sabina Spielrein | |
---|---|
Spouse |
Pavel Nahumovich Sheftel
(m. 1912; died 1936) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Psychotherapy Psychoanalysis |
Institutions | Rousseau Institute |
Doctoral advisor | Eugen Bleuler Carl Jung |
Notable students | Alexander Luria Lev Vygotsky |
Part of a series of articles on |
Psychoanalysis |
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Sabina Nikolayevna Spielrein
Spielrein was a pioneer of psychoanalysis and one of the first to introduce the concept of the
Biography
Family and early life 1885–1904
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Spielrein_mutterkinder.jpg)
She was born in 1885 into a wealthy
Hospital admission 1904–1905
Following the sudden death of her only sister Emilia from
Medical student 1905–1911
She attended medical school at the University of Zurich from June 1905 to January 1911, excelling there academically.[8] Her diaries show a very broad range of interests and reading including philosophy, religion, Russian literature and evolutionary biology. She lived in several different apartments, mixing in a social circle of predominately fellow Russian Jewish women medical students. Many of these, together with Spielrein, became fascinated with the emerging movement of psychoanalysis in western Europe, and studied with Bleuler and Jung. Spielrein's main focus while in medical school was on psychiatry. A number of the students, like Spielrein, subsequently became psychiatrists, spent time with Freud in Vienna, and published in psychoanalytic journals. These included Esther Aptekman, Fanya Chalevsky, Sheina Grebelskaya and Tatiana Rosenthal.[8][18] Politically, Spielrein identified with socialism, although some of her Russian student contemporaries were followers of the Socialist Revolutionary Party or of Zionism. [19]
Spielrein completed her medical school dissertation, supervised first by Bleuler then by Jung, a close study of the language of a patient with schizophrenia. It was published in the Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen, which Jung edited. She was one of the first people to conduct a case study on schizophrenia and have it published in a psychoanalytic journal.[20][11] Freud referenced it in the same volume in his postscript to the Schreber Case;[21] It was the first doctorate to appear in a psychoanalytic journal. Her dissertation contributed greatly to the understanding of the language of people with schizophrenia. It focused more attention on the mental illness and highlighted the need for more research.[22] It was also the first dissertation written by a woman that was psychoanalytically oriented.[23] She left Zürich the day after graduation, having resolved to establish an independent career as a psychoanalyst elsewhere.[8]
Relationship with Carl Jung
While at medical school, Spielrein continued to assist Jung in the laboratory as she had done as an in-patient. She also attended his ward rounds and met him socially.[7]: 53–7 The strong feelings she had developed towards him as his hospital patient continued during her first three years at medical school, and she developed a fantasy of having a child with him to be called Siegfried. She did not have further therapy from him, although from around late 1907 he informally tried to analyze her wish for his child.[24] In the summer of 1908, as she entered her fourth year at medical school, she and Jung began to have increasingly intimate encounters, which she described in her diaries as "poetry". There are differing views as to whether they had sexual intercourse.[8]: 178 [24] John Launer has reviewed the evidence from her diaries and their letters in his 2015 biography of Spielrein, Sex Versus Survival. The Life and Ideas of Sabina Spielrein.[7] He concluded that they had consensual and erotic physical contact but stopped short of sexual penetration.[25] This is supported by Spielrein's statement in a letter to her mother: "So far we have stayed at the level of poetry that is not dangerous."[24] Lance Owens further summarized the documentary evidence in his 2015 study, Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus,[26] Zvi Lothane, a Freudian psychoanalyst and scholar of psychoanalytic history, makes the most robust and well-supported case against a consummated sexual relationship between the pair. Lothane summarizes his conclusions:
People tend to believe as dictated by their own emotions, projections, and transferences. ... Our judgment should really be guided by what the protagonists never tired of asserting themselves: that there was no sex. In the final analysis the question is whether we believe their testimony or not. I choose to believe them, and not out of prudery, but because in those days people saw premarital sexual relations, especially as applies to Spielrein, differently than we do today; moreover, because unconsummated sexual desire was even more poignant and more romantic than consummated sex. However, the sexual myth dies hard, providing sensational material for a number of theatrical productions and a plethora of articles in the popular press and professional journals.[27]
During the ensuing months, Jung wrote to Freud about the relationship, at first accusing Spielrein of having tried unsuccessfully to seduce him, and then admitting that he had become romantically involved with her.[28] : 207–35 He sent a series of letters to Spielrein's mother, writing "no one can prevent two friends from doing as they wish...the likelihood is that something more may enter the relationship".[3] : 92 Spielrein also wrote to Freud, making it clear that, for a few months, their relationship had been in some fashion physical, it had involved what Spielrein again called "poetry": "In the end the unavoidable happened...it reached the point where he could no longer stand it and wanted 'poetry'. I could not and did not want to resist, for many reasons'[3] : 95 Eva Spielrein threatened to report him to Eugen Bleuler and came to Zürich to do so, but in the end decided not to.[3] : 96–7 Meanwhile, Jung had resigned his medical post at the Burghölzli, although he continued his laboratory work and university teaching. A document-based account of these events, including the three-way correspondence among Spielrein, Jung and Freud, appears in Launer's biography.[7]
After a hiatus of several months caused by the tension, Spielrein and Jung resumed their relationship in the summer of 1909, and continued seeing each other privately up through the last months of 1910. Spielrein permanently departed Zürich around January 1911.[29] In Spielrein's private diary entry dated 11 September 1910—just four months before graduating from medical school, and leaving both Jung and Zürich—she mused again upon her fantasy of bearing Jung's son. Sabina saw in reality how totally impossible it was, how it would ruin her chance of finding another love and destroy her scientific and professional ambitions:
With a baby I would be accepted nowhere. And that would be in the best of cases; what if I did not even get pregnant? Then our pure friendship would be destroyed by the intimate relationship, and our friendship is what is so terribly dear to me.[30]
This personal diary entry from late-1910 strongly suggests that Spielrein realized that even if they were to finally have sexual relations, she might not get pregnant. And having taken that step, "our pure friendship would be destroyed by the intimate relationship...." Written shortly before her departure from Zürich, those words seemingly imply that whatever the nature of their physical "poetry", Jung and Spielrein had not engaged in sexual intercourse.[31]
Some commentators have seen Jung's conduct as a professional boundary violation, while others have seen it as an unintended and forgivable consequence of early experimentation with psychoanalytic techniques. The historian and Freudian psychoanalyst Bruno Bettelheim commented on her treatment and the apparently beneficial result, noting that, "However questionable Jung's behaviour was from a moral point of view...somehow it met the prime obligation of the therapist towards his patient: to cure her".[32] By contrast, Peter Loewenberg (among others) has argued that it was in breach of professional ethics, and that it "jeopardized his position at the Burghölzli and led to his rupture with Bleuler and his departure from the University of Zurich".[33]
At the time, Freud was tolerant of what happened between Jung and Spielrein, and regarded it as an example of countertransference. Later, he confessed to Spielrein that it had played a part in the schism between him and Jung: "His behavior was too bad. My opinion changed a great deal from the time I received that first letter from you".[3]: 122 The relationship between Jung and Spielrein demonstrated to Freud that a therapist's emotions and humanity could not be kept out of the psychoanalytic relationship. Jung had come to the same conclusion.[34] Before this episode, Freud apparently believed that a doctor could numb his emotions when analyzing patients. When Jung came to Freud about his relationship with Spielrein, Freud changed his ideas about the relationship between doctor and patient.[citation needed] Spielrein seems to have regarded her experiences with Jung as overall more beneficial than otherwise. She continued to yearn for him for several years afterwards, and wrote to Freud that she found it harder to forgive Jung for leaving the psychoanalytic movement than for "that business with me".[3]: 112
Spielrein sometimes is regarded as having been the inspiration for Jung's conception of the anima, in part due to a reference Jung made 50 years later in Memories, Dreams, Reflections—the biographical memoir compiled and edited by Aniela Jaffé—to an imaginatively encountered interior feminine voice that awakened his awareness of the interior anima. He recounted, it was "the voice of a patient ... who had a strong transference to me".[35] However, in the unpublished transcript of Jung's comments recorded by Aniela Jaffé in 1957, Jung made it clear this woman was Maria Moltzer and not Spielrein.[36] Nonetheless, Lance Owens has documented that the relationship with Spielrein was indeed crucial to Jung's evolving understanding of what he much later termed the anima.[37]
Career 1912–1920 including "Destruction" paper
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Gedenktafel_Thomasiusstr_2_%28Moabi%29_Sabina_Spielrein.jpg/220px-Gedenktafel_Thomasiusstr_2_%28Moabi%29_Sabina_Spielrein.jpg)
After graduation, Spielrein moved to Munich to study art history, while also working on a paper on the connection between sex and death. In October she moved to Vienna, where she was elected a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. She was the second female member of this society.[20][38] She delivered her paper to the Society on 27 November as "Destruction as the Cause of Coming into Being", publishing an amended version the following year in the Jahrbuch.[9][10] The paper shows evidence of both Jungian and Freudian thought, but appears to mark the point at which she moved from identifying herself with Jung to seeing herself as more of a Freudian.[39] Freud explicitly mentioned her paper in a famous footnote to Beyond the Pleasure Principle, acknowledging that it started the train of thought which led him to conceptualize the death drive: "A considerable part of this speculation has been anticipated in [her] work".[40] Spielrein's concept, however, was different from Freud's, in that she saw destructiveness as serving the reproductive instinct rather than one in its own right. Spielrein met with Freud on a number of occasions in 1912, and continued to correspond with him until 1923. She attempted in her correspondence with both Freud and Jung to reconcile the two men. In the "Destruction" paper, and throughout her subsequent career, she drew on ideas from many different disciplines and schools of thought. By age 26, Spielrein became the youngest[clarification needed] to publish her works.[41]
In 1912 Spielrein married the Russian Jewish physician Pavel Nahumovitch Sheftel. They moved to Berlin, where Spielrein worked alongside Karl Abraham. Spielrein had her first daughter, Irma-Renata (known as Renata), in 1913. While in Berlin, Spielrein published nine further papers. One of these was an account of children's beliefs about sex and reproduction, in which she included recollections of her own early fantasies about this.[42] Entitled 'Contribution to the Understanding of a Child's Soul', it shows her in more Freudian mode than her previous papers.[43] In another paper, entitled 'The Mother-in-Law',[44][45] she gave a sympathetic account of the role of mothers-in-law and the relationship between them and their daughters-in-law. The Dutch psychoanalyst Van Waning has commented on this paper: "Women's studies – in the year 1913!".[46] Another paper from the time recounts her treatment of a child with a phobia of animals, and is one of the first known reports of child psychotherapy[47][48] At the outbreak of World War I, she returned to Switzerland, living briefly in Zürich again before relocating to Lausanne, where she and Renata remained for the rest of the war. Her husband joined his regiment in Kyiv, and they were not reunited for more than a decade. The war years were times of privation for Spielrein: she did some work as a surgeon and in an eye clinic, but also received contributions from her parents when they could get these to her.[8] She did however manage to publish two more short papers during the war years. She composed music, and considered becoming a composer. She also began to write a novel in French. She recorded observations of her daughter's development in terms of language and play. She continued her correspondence with Freud and Jung and her development of her own theoretical ideas, particularly in relation to attachment in children.
Career in Geneva 1920–1923 and work with Jean Piaget
In 1920 she attended the sixth congress of the
In 1923, discouraged by her lack of success in building up a private practice in Geneva, and with Freud's support, she decided to travel to Moscow to support the development of psychoanalysis there.[8] She planned to return to Geneva, and left her personal papers, including all her diaries and correspondence, in the basement of the Rousseau Institute. In the event, she never returned to western Europe, and the papers remained undiscovered until they were identified nearly sixty years later by the Jungian analyst Aldo Carotenuto, who published a selection of them. The archive remains in the possession of the heirs of Édouard Claparède, and although further selections have been published in a number of books and journals, it has never been fully examined or catalogued.[7] : 7–9
Russian career 1923–1942
Psychoanalysis in Russia already had a turbulent history but its influence was strongest between 1921 and 1923. On her arrival in Moscow, she found herself the most experienced psychoanalyst there, as well as one of the most closely connected with analysts and psychologists in the west.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Spilrein_home.jpg/238px-Spilrein_home.jpg)
Founded in 1921 by
In late 1924 or 1925, Spielrein left Moscow. She and her daughter rejoined her husband Pavel in Rostov-on-Don. As well as probably being disillusioned by her experience in Moscow, Spielrein may have been impelled to return because her husband by now was in a relationship with a Ukrainian woman, Olga Snetkova (born Aksyuk), and they now had a daughter, Nina.[8] Pavel returned to his wife, and their second daughter Eva was born in 1926. For at least the next decade, Spielrein continued to work actively as a pediatrician, carrying out further research, lecturing on psychoanalysis, and publishing in the west until 1931. In 1929 she presented a vigorous defense of Freud and psychoanalysis at a congress of psychiatry and neuropathology in Rostov, possibly the last person to mount such a defense at a time when psychoanalysis was on the point of being proscribed in Russia.[53]
The paper also made it clear that she was up-to-date with developments in the west, and included sympathetic comments on the approach of
Death
Spielrein and her daughters survived the first German invasion of Rostov-on-Don in November 1941, which was repelled by the
Legacy
Despite her closeness to the central figures of both psychoanalysis and developmental psychology in the first part of the twentieth century, Spielrein was more or less forgotten in Western Europe after her departure for Moscow in 1923. Her tragic murder in the Holocaust compounded this erasure. The publication in 1974, of the correspondence between Freud and Jung,[28] followed by the discovery of her personal papers and publication of some of them from the 1980s onwards,[2][3] made her name quite widely known. However, it led to her identification in popular culture as an erotic sideshow in the lives of the two men. Within the world of psychoanalysis, Spielrein is usually given no more than a footnote, for her conception of the sexual drive as containing both an instinct of destruction and an instinct of transformation, hence anticipating both Freud's "death drive" and Jung's views on "transformation";[57] Regardless of the questionable relationship with Jung, something positive and very useful to psychotherapy was born from it. Jung's correspondence to Freud about his relationship with Spielrein inspired Freud's concepts of transference and countertransference.
In recent years, however, Spielrein has been increasingly recognized as a significant thinker in her own right, influencing not only Jung, Freud and Melanie Klein, but also later psychologists including Jean Piaget, Alexander Luria and Lev Vygotsky.[58] Spielrein's work has also been influential in several areas such as: gender roles, love, the importance of intuition in women, the unconscious, dream interpretation, sexuality and sexual urges, libido, sublimation, transference, linguistics and language development in children.[59]
Etkind's research in Russia in the 1990s shows that she did not "disappear" after leaving Western Europe, but continued as an active clinician and researcher.[6] The publication in 2003 of a selection of essays about her under the title Sabina Spielrein, Forgotten Pioneer of Psychoanalysis[12] has stimulated interest in her as an original thinker. The first scholarly biography of her in German, by Sabine Richebächer,[8] places her relationship with Jung in its proper context of a lifelong career of involvement with psychoanalysis and psychology.
Lance Owens suggests that the importance of Spielrein's relationship with Jung should not be historically discounted, but seen as an additional part of her legacy and broad creative influence. Owens provides evidence that Spielrein played a seminal role in Jung's personal psychological development, his understanding of love, and his subsequent formation of core psychological conceptualizations about "anima" and "transference".[60]
Followers of feminist and relational psychoanalysis are also beginning to claim her as an important progenitor.[61] A milestone in reclaiming Spielrein as an original thinker was reached during the 2015 congress of the American Psychoanalytic Association, when the opening plenary lecture was given by Adrienne Harris, on "The Clinical and Theoretical Contributions of Sabina Spielrein", crediting her with pioneering relational psychoanalysis. In 2021 the International Association for Spielrein Studies organized a webinar "Sabina Spielrein: History and Contemporary Relevance", in 2022 it organized an international conference "Sabina Spielrein and Early Female Pioneers of Psychoanalysis".
Through her work on child analysis, Spielrein was able to differentiate between autistic languages and social languages. She differentiated between (primary) autistic languages and social languages (like song, words, etc.) and developed an exciting theory in the context of child development explaining the meaning of a mother's breast and sucking/nursing.[62]
The Memorial Museum Sabina Shpilereyn was opened in the Spielrein Mansion, her childhood home in Rostov, in November 2015.[63]
John Launer's 2015 biography of Spielrein (in English, and written with the support of the Spielrein family) is based on close readings of her hospital notes, diaries and correspondence.[7] It calls into question many of the received accounts about Spielrein. He challenges the presumption that Jung psychoanalyzed Spielrein in any systematic way, reciprocated her feelings for long, saw her as his 'anima', or regarded her as a more significant figure than his other female partners of the time.[7] Instead, Launer sees her historical importance as someone who made an early attempt to harmonize psychoanalysis and developmental psychology within an overarching biological framework, anticipating modern ideas from attachment theory and evolutionary psychology.
An English-language biography of Spielrein by Angela M. Sells, entitled Sabina Spielrein: The Woman and the Myth,
Popular culture
- A BBC Radio play 'In a Strange Country' by Carolyn James, based on the letters of Freud and Jung and the diaries of Sabina Spielrein was broadcast in 2001 BBC genome
- A documentary, Ich hieß Sabina Spielrein (My Name Was Sabina Spielrein), was made in 2002 by the Hungarian-born Swedish director Elisabeth Marton and was released in the United States in late 2005. The documentary was released in the U.S. by Facets Video, a subsidiary of Facets Multi-Media.
- A 2002 biopic The Soul Keeper (Prendimi l'Anima), directed by Roberto Faenza, with Emilia Fox as Spielrein and Iain Glen as Carl Gustav Jung.
- Spielrein figures prominently in two contemporary British plays: Sabina (1998) by Snoo Wilson and The Talking Cure (2003) by Christopher Hampton (based on John Kerr's book A Most Dangerous Method) in which Ralph Fiennes played Jung, and Jodhi May played Spielrein. Both plays were preceded by the Off Broadway production of Sabina (1996) by Willy Holtzman.
- Hampton adapted his own play for a feature film called A Dangerous Method (2011), produced by Jeremy Thomas, directed by David Cronenberg, and starring Keira Knightley as Spielrein, Michael Fassbender as Jung and Viggo Mortensen as Freud.
Works
- A complete bibliography of all Spielrein's published writings (including details of English translations) is available at the website of the International Association for Spielrein Studies.
- Spielrein's papers in German from "major journals". Imago, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen, Zeitschrift für Psychoanalytische Pädagogik and Zentralblatt. are available online at Collection of the International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin. (COTIPUB)
- Spielrein, Sabina (1912). "Die Destruktion als Ursache des Werdens". Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen (in German). IV: 465–503. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
- English translations:
- 1) Spielrein, Sabina (April 1994). "Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being" (PDF). doi:10.1111/j.1465-5922.1994.00155.x. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-03-04.
- 2) Spielrein, Sabina (1995). "Destruction as Cause of Becoming" (PDF). Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought. 18. Translated by Stuart K. Witt: 85–118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-15. (Abstract)
- 3) Spielrein, Sabina (2015) [2003]. "11. Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being (pp. 185—212)". In Covington, Coline; Wharton, Barbara (eds.). Sabina Spielrein. Forgotten Pioneer of Psychoanalysis, Revised Edition (2nd, illustrated, revised ed.). ISBN 978-1-31745860-9.
- 4) Spielrein, Sabina (2023). The untold story of Sabina Spielrein: healed & haunted by love: unpublished Russian diaries and letters. Translated by Lothane, Henry Zvi. New York: The Unconscious in Translation. ISBN 9781942254201.
- (in German) Spielrein, Sabina. Sämtliche Schriften. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2008. (All of Spielrein's writings. In German. No English language edition.)
See also
- Jungfrauen
- Toni Wolff
- Victor Ovcharenko - the Russian scientist who first introduced Sabina Spielrein's biography to the public in post-Soviet times
References
- ^ Also transliterated Shpilrein, Shpilrain, or Shpilreyn.
- ^ a b Carotenuto, Aldo, ed. (1982). A Secret Symmetry: Sabina Spielrein between Jung and Freud. New York, NY: Random House.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Carotenuto, Aldo, ed. (1986). Tagebuch einer hemlichen Symmetrie: Sabina Spielrein zwischen Jung und Freud. Freiburg: Kore.
- )
- PMID 8491531.
- ^ a b c d e f g Etkind, Alexander (1997). Eros of the Impossible: The History of Psychoanalysis in Russia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 172.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-715-64741-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Richebächer, Sabine (2005). Eine fast grausame Liebe zur Wissenschaft. Munich: BTB.
- ^ a b Spielrein, S. (1912). "Die Destruktion als Ursache des Werdens". Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen. 4: 464–503.
- ^ .
- ^ a b "Sabina Spielrein".
- ^ a b Covington, C.; Wharton, B., eds. (2003). Sabina Spielrein: Forgotten Pioneer of Psychoanalysis. Hove: Brunner-Routledge.
- ^ a b Ljunggren, Magnus (2001). "Sabina and Isaak Spielrein". In Björling, Fiona (ed.). On the Verge: Russian Thought Between the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Lund University. pp. 79–95.
- ^ PMID 11227107.
- ^ a b c Hensch, T, ed. (2006). Sabina Spielrein. Nimm meine Seele: Tagebücher und Schriften. Freitag. pp. 234–56.
- ^ PMID 11227114.
- PMID 11227112.
- ^ Ljunggren, Magnus (1989). "The psychoanalytic breakthrough in Russia on the eve of the First World War". In Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel (ed.). Russian Literature and Psychoanalysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- ISBN 9780203499207.
- ^ a b "Spielrein Association".
- ^ S. Freud, Case Studies II (PFL 9) p. 220
- ^ Spielrein, S. (1911). "Über den Psychologischen Inhalt eines Falles von Schizophrenie". Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und Psychopathologische Forschungen. 3 (1): 329–400.
- ^ Hall, Karen. Sabina Spielrein 1885-1942 Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. Accessed 1 May 2015
- ^ S2CID 143520293.
- ISSN 1940-9052.
- ^ Owens, Lance S., Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus (Gnosis Archive Books, 2015), 27-35. (Online edition available. This work was originally published in Das Rote Buch – C. G. Jungs Reise zum anderen Pol der Welt, ed. Thomas Arzt, Verlag Königshausen & Neumann, 2015.
- ^ Zvi Lothane, "Tender love and transference: Unpublished letters of C. G. Jung and Sabina Spielrein," in C. Covington and B. Wharton, eds., Sabina Spielrein: Forgotten Pioneer of Psychoanalysis (Hove: Brunner-Routledge, 2003), 221. For an extended review of the evolution of the relationship between Spielrein and Jung, see, Owens, Lance S., Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus, 27-35. (Online edition available.)
- ^ a b McGuire, W, ed. (1974). The Freud/Jung letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and CG Jung. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Owens, Lance, Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus, 29.
- ^ Carotenuto, Aldo, A Secret Symmetry: Sabina Spielrein Between Jung and Freud, (Pantheon Books, 1982), 13.
- ^ Owens, Lance S., Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus, 31.
- ^ Bettelheim, B. (30 June 1983). "Scandal in the Family [1st part]". The New York Review of Books. 30 (11): 39–43. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
- ISBN 9780195067637.
- ^ Jung wrote about this extensively in subsequent years; see Owens, Lance, Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus, 16-25.
- ^ Jung, CG (1963). Memories, Dreams, Reflections. London: Routledge. p. 178. This interpretation of Spielrein as the voice of Jung's anima is found in, Kerr, John, A Most Dangerous Method, 502-7.
- ^ Carl G. Jung Protocols, Library of Congress; this is also documented in, Sonu Shamdasani, Cult Fictions: C.G. Jung and the Founding of Analytical Psychology (London: Routledge, 1998), 16, 57ff.
- ^ Owens, Lance S., Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus, 27ff.
- ^ "Spielrein".
- ^ F. McLynn, Carl Gustav Jung (1996) p. 192-7.
- ^ Freud, Sigmund (1922). "Beyond the Pleasure Principle". Editorial Preface by Ernest Jones. Translated by C. J. M. Hubback. Bartleby.com. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
A considerable part of this speculation has been anticipated in a work which is full of valuable matter and ideas but is unfortunately not entirely clear to me: (Sabina Spielrein: Die Destruktion als Ursache des Werdens, Jahrbuch für Psychoanalyse, IV, 1912). She designates the sadistic component as 'destructive'].
- .
- ^ Spielrein, S. (1912). "Arbitrage zur Kenntnis der kindlichen Seele". Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie. 3: 57–72.
- ^ F. McLynn, Carl Gustav Jung (1996) p. 192
- ^ a b Spielrein, S. (1913). "Die Schwiegemutter". Imago. 2: 589–92.
- PMID 11227109.
- ^ van Waning, A. (1992). "The works of pioneering psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein". International Review of Psycho-Analysis. 19: 399–413.
- ^ Spielrein, S. (1914). "Terugblik und Phobie einem Knaben". Internazionale Zeitschrift für Ärtzliche Psychoanalyse. 2: 375–7.
- ^ Spielrein, S. (2001). "Animal symbolism and a boy's phobia". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 46: 525–7.
- ^ Spielrein, S. (1923). "Die Zeit im unterschwellingen Seelenleben". Imago. 9: 300–317.
- ^ Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946) p. 348
- PMID 11227106.
- ^ (in Russian) Petryuk PT, LI Bondarenko, AP Petryuk. Contribution of Professor Ivan Dmitrievich Ermakov in the development of psychiatry and psychoanalydsis (the 130th anniversary of his birth). News psihіatrії that psihofarmakoterapії. - 2005. - № 2. - S. 143-147.
- ^ Spielrein, Sabina (1986). "Referat zur Psychoanalyse". In Brinkmann and Bose, Fiona (ed.). Sabina Spielrein: Ausgabe in 2 Bänden, Bd 2. Brinkmann and Bose. pp. 205–12.
- ^ Lothane, Z (2007). "The snares of seduction in life and therapy, Or what do young girls (Spielrein) seek in their Aryan heroes (Jung) and vice versa?". International Forum of Psychoanalysis. 16: 1189–204.
- ^ 1995 testimony by her friend https://namesfs.yadvashem.org/YADVASHEM/23031614_240_5513/178.jpg
- ^ "About Rostov : Remembering Rostov". rememberingrostov.com. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ Bettelheim, Bruno (1983) "A Secret Symmetry" in Freud's Vienna and Other Essays. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- ^ "Psychology History - Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky". Compiled by Christina Gallagher. May 1999. Archived from the original on 2015-05-02. Retrieved 19 March 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Klara Naszkowska, "Passions, Politics, and Drives: Sabina Spielrein in Soviet Russia," in P. Cooper-White and F. Kelcourse, eds., Sabina Spielrein and the Beginnings of Psychoanalysis: Image, Thought, and Language (Routledge, 2019)
- ^ Owens, Lance S., Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus.
- S2CID 144293943.
- ^ "Sabina-Spielrein".
- ^ В Ростове открылся музей ученицы Фрейда и любовницы Юнга Сабины Шпильрейн
- )
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Launer, John. "Sex versus Survival. The Life and Ideas of Sabina Spielrein", Lecture at Freud Museum, London, 5 December 2014. Launer gives an evaluation of Spielrein and overview of his own research.
- Owens, Lance S., Jung in Love: The Mysterium in Liber Novus (Gnosis Archive Books, 2015). This work offers an extended current evaluation of the relationship of Jung with both Sabina Spielrein and Toni Wolff. Online edition available.
- Lothane, Z. "Tender Love and Transference: Unpublished Letters of C. G. Jung and Sabina Spielrein", International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 80:1189—1204, 1999. This material later appeared in modified form in: Zvi Lothane, "Tender love and transference: Unpublished letters of C. G. Jung and Sabina Spielrein", in C. Covington and B. Wharton, eds., Sabina Spielrein: Forgotten Pioneer of Psychoanalysis (Hove: Brunner-Routledge, 2003), pp. 189–222.
- Ovcharenko, V. (1992). "Судьба Сабины Шпильрейн" [The Destiny of Sabina Spielrein] (in Russian). Archived from the original on January 23, 2007.
- Record for Sabina Spielrein in The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, Yad Vashem - The World Holocaust Remembrance Center.