Siege of Corduba
Siege of Corduba (45 BC) | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Caesarians |
Pompeians | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Julius Caesar | Annio Scapula † | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
1-2 legions (approximately 5,000-10,000 Men) |
20,000 Men 9 Legions (depleted) Town Militia | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown, but light | 22,000 killed |
The siege of Corduba was an engagement near the end of
Background
Despite the military victory in Egypt, and with a friendly ruler in Egypt, problems swiftly began to rise, in Hispania a pro-Pompeian rebellion arose against Caesar's governor in Spain,
Caesar would return to Italy and set upon conquering the last of Pompey's supporters in the province of Africa. Caesar proceeded to carry out his plan, succeeding in 46 BC when he crushed a Pompeian army at the Battle of Thapsus. Many Pompeians were killed in the aftermath including Cato the Younger, Metellus Scipio, Lucius Afranius, Marcus Petreius, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, and the king of Numidia, Juba I. Others had fled to Hispania, modern day Spain, to continue the fight including Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, his brother Sextus, Titus Labienus, and the commander of the Pompeian fleet at Thapsus, Publius Attius Varus. Caesar would then fight a long and hard fought campaign against the Pompeians before eventually crushing them at the Battle of Munda; many Pompeians, including Varus and Labienus, were killed. Caesar's men under Lucius Caesennius Lento found Gnaeus Pompey and killed him at the Battle of Lauro. By now the only main Pompeian Leader was Sextus Pompey, who was in the city of Corduba. Caesar began to take the last remaining pro-Pompeian cities in the region including Munda itself.
Prelude
In the aftermath of the Battle of Munda, the remaining defeated Pompeians under the command of Annio Scapula retreated to the city of Corduba bringing news of the defeat at Munda and the death of Sextus's brother,[1] while Scapula's legionaries were further supplemented by the towns militia as well as raw recruits, conscipits, and volunteeres making the army in Corduba around 20,000 strong.[2] Caesar then turned his attention to Sextus following the death of Gnaeus and left Quintus Fabius Maximus with a small army to continue besieging Munda and set off marching towards Corduba. Sextus having heard news of Caesar's march because of his spies, and he decided to abandon the town. He convinced his officers that he wanted to parley with Caesar and suggest terms, however he fled the town with 100 horse to Lusitania, leaving Annio Scapula in charge.
Siege
On either March 19 or 20 [3][4] Caesar arrived near Corduba. Caesar immediately attempted to capture a bridge that ran across the Betis river, however the Pompeians on the other side arrived and forced Caesar and his men back across the river. Caesar then realized that making more attempts would both delay him and only drain his forces; he decided to construct a new bridge for his men to cross. Caesar successfully forded the river shortly after its construction with his whole army. He arrived near the city itself and set up a camp. Scapula meanwhile, knowing that Caesar would show him no mercy, proceeded to commit suicide. He gathered family and friends in a great banquet, dressed in his best clothes, gave desserts and jewelry to the guests and when the time came, he ordered a slave behind him to run him through with a sword.[5]
Caesar then finished constructing his siege camp and managed to fully surround the city, allowing no reinforcements or supplies to enter. He was also able to build a circumvallation wall made with the corpses of Pompeians piled with stakes driven into the ground as they were too exhausted to build a palisade. The following day either the 20th or 21st, the townsfolk were in disarray, with their leader dead and many citizens wanting to surrender than face death. This caused a spilt in the town's population with some wanting surrender and accept Caesar's terms and others that wished to remain defiant, and as result two factions emerged, similar to what happened at many towns and cities during the campaign including Ategua and Carteia.[6] This caused violence on the streets and riots engaged the civilians in a civil war. The chaos even reached the ears of Caesar's camp, the Caesarian faction meanwhile were engaging the XIII Legion in combat and despite the bravely of the legion, soon the Caesarians had managed to gain control of the gates and sent to message to Caesar asking for assistance.[7][8]
The legionnaires were now desperate and started a massive fire so that the villia would be handed over.[9] Caesar then ordered his men to assault the city via the gateway that the Caesarian faction had managed to capture. The two united forces then set about two objectives, putting out the fire and killing opponents. The fighting was brutal in the city streets and they were filled with corpses. It was said that there was so many dead that the dead and dying obstructed the passage of the cavalry and the blood ran in torrents until the nearby river turned red.[10] The city was now in ruins because of the fire and fighting. Caesar's men were now angry at finding nothing in the ruined city began to massacre the townsfolk and at the end some 22,000 people were killed [11] (This includes the soldiers killed in the previous fighting), also among those they killed included many of those in the Caesarian faction who had opened the gates for them. Many more were killed outside the cities wall and only a small number escaping the carnage.[12] This is one of the few times in which Caesar lost complete control of his army.[13][14]
Aftermath
See also
- Caesar's Civil War
- Julius Caesar
- Sextus Pompey
- Battle of Munda
- Battle of Lauro
References
- ^ Amela Valverde, Luis (2002). The clients of Gnaeus Pompey Magnus in Hispania . Barcelona: Editions Universitat Barcelona, pp. 1810. ISBN 978-8-44752-735-9
- ^ Marvel, 1863: 137
- ^ Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1900). Caesar: a history of the art of war among the Romans down to the end of the Roman empire, with a detailed account of the campaigns of Gaius Julius Caesar. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, pp. 792.
- ^ Maraver, 1863: 139
- ^ Marvel, 1863: 138
- ^ Appian 2.15.105
- ^ Maraver, 1863: 139
- ^ González de la Llana, Manuel (1867). Chronicle of the province of Córdoba . Madrid: Rubio and Company, pp. fifteen.
- ^ Carcopino, 2004: 518; Maraver, 1863: 139
- ^ Maraver, 1863: 139
- ^ Carcopino, Jérôme (2004). Julius Caesar: the classical process of the concentration of power. Madrid: Rialp Editions, pp. 518.ISBN 9788432135101
- ^ Madoz, Pascual (1847). Geographical-statistical-historical dictionary of Spain and its overseas possessions . Volume VI. Madrid: Literary-typographic establishment of P. Madoz and L. Sagasti, pp. 647.
- ^ Carcopino, Jérôme (2004). Julius Caesar: the classical process of the concentration of power. Madrid: Rialp Editions, pp. 518
- ^ Madoz, 1847: 647
- ^ Marvel, 1863: 139-140
- ^ Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1900). Caesar: a history of the art of war among the Romans down to the end of the Roman empire, with a detailed account of the campaigns of Caius Julius Caesar. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, pp. 792
- ^ Casio 43.39.2
- ^ asio 43.39.2
- ^ Fishwick, Duncan (2004). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire . BRILL, pp. 71-72.
Sources
- Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Civili 2.40
- Cassius Dio . Roman history . Book 43. Digitized by UChicago . Based on Loeb Classical Library edition volume 3, Ancient Greek-English translation by Earnest Cary, 1924.
- Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006). "XXI". Caesar: Life of a Colossus. New Haven: Yale Press. p. 466.
- Amela Valverde, Luis (2002). The clients of Gnaeus Pompey Magnus in Hispania . Barcelona: Editions Universitat Barcelona, pp. 1810.
- Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1900). Caesar: a history of the art of war among the Romans down to the end of the Roman empire, with a detailed account of the campaigns of Gaius Julius Caesar. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, pp. 792.
- González de la Llana, Manuel (1867). Chronicle of the province of Córdoba . Madrid: Rubio and Company, pp. 15
- Carcopino, Jérôme (2004). Julius Caesar: the classical process of the concentration of power. Madrid: Rialp Editions, pp. 518.
- Madoz, Pascual (1847). Geographical-statistical-historical dictionary of Spain and its overseas possessions . Volume VI. Madrid: Literary-typographic establishment of P. Madoz and L. Sagasti, pp. 647.
- Fishwick, Duncan (2004). The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire . BRILL, pp. 71–72.
- Appian . Book 2 of The Civil Wars . Volume 14 of Roman History . Digitized by Perseus . Based on Ancient Greek-English translation by Horace White, London: MacMillan & Co., 1899.