Southern Kayapó language
| Southern Kayapó | |
|---|---|
| Kayapó do Sul | |
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Southern Kayapó |
| Era | attested 19th century developed into Panará[1] |
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kre (as Panará) |
| Glottolog | pana1307 (as Panará) |
Kayapó do Sul is a
Dialects
Two dialects have been identified based on the scarce documentation of the language. The variety spoken in São José de Mossâmedes (as attested by Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl[3] and Augustin Saint-Hilaire in short wordlists) is characterized by the retention of the Proto-Goyaz Jê rhotic *r. In contrast, the variety spoken in Santana do Paranaíba (as attested by Kupfer,[4] Carl Nehring,[5] and Joaquim Lemos da Silva in short wordlists) and in the Triângulo Mineiro region (as documented by Barbosa in an extensive wordlist) innovated by palatalizing the rhotic (i.e. *r > j) in certain environments and is thought to be the ancestor of Panará.[1]
Phonology
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i, ĩ | ɨ, ɨ̃ | u, ũ |
| Mid | e, ẽ | ə | o, õ |
| Open | a, ã |
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop
|
voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| prenasal | ᵐp | ⁿt | ᵑk | |||
Affricate
|
voiceless | t͡s | ||||
| prenasal | ⁿt͡s | |||||
Fricative
|
(s) | ʃ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Sonorant | w | ɾ | j | h | ||
/ʃ/ exists only in the Mossâmedes dialect. /ɲ, ŋ, h/ exist only in the Santana dialect.
- /t͡s, ⁿt͡s/ can be heard as [s, ⁿs] in free variation.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d Vasconcelos, Eduardo Alves (2013). Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará (PDF) (PhD dissertation). Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
- ^ a b Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (PhD dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
- ^ POHL, J. E. Reise im Innern von Brasilien: auf allerhoechsten Befehl seiner Majestät des Kaisers von Österreich, Franz des Ersten, in den Jahren 1817–1821 unternommen. Vol. 1. Viena: A. Strauss’s Sel. Witwe e J. B. Wallishausser, 1832. 448 pp.
- ^ KUPFER, Dr. Die Cayapo-Indianer in der Provinz Matto-Grosso. Zeitschrift für der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, Berlim, n. 5, p. 244–254, 1870.
- ^ NEHRING, C. Sud-Cayapo: Wörterlisten. In: EHRENREICH, P. Materialen Zur Sprachekunde Brasiliens. Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, n. 26, p. 136–137, 1894.
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