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== Nature and extent of sexual violence ==
== Nature and extent of sexual violence ==
Following the [[Kyiv offensive (2022)#Ukrainian counter offensive (16 March – 4 April)|late March liberation of the Kyiv region]] and reports of gang rape, gunpoint sexual assaults, and rapes in front of children, ''[[The Guardian]]'' asserted that Ukrainian women were facing a threat of rape as a weapon of war.<ref name="Guardian_rape_as_a_weapon" /> Ukrainian officials and human rights organisations reported that Russian troops were using sexual violence on a huge scale as an instrument of war against the civilian population, to break down the morale of Ukrainians and prevent them from resisting;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhu |first=Tara John,Oleksandra Ochman,Sandi |date=2022-04-22 |title=Russian troops use rape as 'an instrument of war' in Ukraine, rights groups allege |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/22/europe/ukraine-sexual-violence-allegations-russia-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> reported cases, they warned, could be "the tip of the iceberg".<ref name="Guardian_rape_as_a_weapon" />
Following the [[Kyiv offensive (2022)#Ukrainian counter offensive (16 March – 4 April)|late March liberation of the Kyiv region]] and reports of gang rape, gunpoint sexual assaults, and rapes in front of children, ''[[The Guardian]]'' asserted that Ukrainian women were facing a threat of rape as a weapon of war.<ref name="Guardian_rape_as_a_weapon" />


In April 2022, Ukrainian officials and human rights organisations reported that Russian troops were using sexual violence on a huge scale as an instrument of war against the civilian population, to break down the morale of Ukrainians and prevent them from resisting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhu |first=Tara John,Oleksandra Ochman,Sandi |date=2022-04-22 |title=Russian troops use rape as 'an instrument of war' in Ukraine, rights groups allege |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/22/europe/ukraine-sexual-violence-allegations-russia-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> On 3 April, [[La Strada International Association|La Strada Ukraine]], which runs a hotline for helping survivors of [[human trafficking]], sexual assault and domestic violence, stated that rape is underreported and stigmatised in peacetime and that the cases known to the organisation could be "the tip of the iceberg".<ref name="Guardian_rape_as_a_weapon" />
The idea that rape was used as a deliberate war tactic by the Russian army was shared by the Canadian and UK foreign ministers [[Mélanie Joly]] and [[Liz Truss]], who jointly signed a letter on 21 April 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Opinion {{!}} Sexual violence as a weapon of war in Ukraine — the world is watching |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/04/21/sexual-violence-as-a-weapon-of-war-in-ukraine-the-world-is-watching.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=thestar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CBC_foreign_minister_sexual_violence_UA" /><ref name="TorontoStar_sexual_violence_weapon_of_war" /> and by [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Ukraine's prosecutor general]] [[Iryna Venediktova]] in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia Accused of Weaponising Rape in Ukraine |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/russia-accused-weaponising-rape-ukraine |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=iwpr.net |language=en}}</ref> On 15 October 2022 also [[Pramila Patten]], [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General|UN Special Representative]] on Sexual Violence in Conflict, said in an interview with [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] that she believed that Russia was using rape as a weapon of war: "When you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Philip Wang,Tim Lister,Josh Pennington,Heather |date=2022-10-15 |title=Russia using rape as 'military strategy' in Ukraine: UN envoy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/15/europe/russia-ukraine-rape-sexual-violence-military-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> On 31 October 2022, [[Foreign Secretary|UK Foreign Secretary]] [[James Cleverly]] said that Russian soldiers in Ukraine were responsible of "mass rape".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation in Ukraine 31 October 2022: Foreign Secretary's statement |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/foreign-secretary-statement-on-the-situation-in-ukraine |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>


On 21 April 2022, the Canadian and UK foreign ministers [[Mélanie Joly]] and [[Liz Truss]] jointly signed a letter in which they said that rape was being "used as a weapon of war" by Russian soldiers in Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Opinion {{!}} Sexual violence as a weapon of war in Ukraine — the world is watching |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2022/04/21/sexual-violence-as-a-weapon-of-war-in-ukraine-the-world-is-watching.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=thestar.com |language=en}}</ref> They described rape as a weapon of war to be "a systematic weapon to exert control and exercise power over women ... as destructive in conflict as chemical weapons or landmines, which are both banned by international conventions, but yet to be treated as seriously."<ref name="CBC_foreign_minister_sexual_violence_UA" /><ref name="TorontoStar_sexual_violence_weapon_of_war" />
The reports of the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] have regularly addressed the issue of the extent and nature of sexual violence in Ukraine. By 15 May 2022, OHCHR had received 108 allegations of conflict-related sexual violence. The alleged perpetrators were [[Russian Armed Forces|Russian armed forces]], [[Russian people's militias in Ukraine|Russian-affiliated armed groups]] and civilians in [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|Russian-controlled territory]] in 91 cases; [[Armed Forces of Ukraine|Ukrainian armed forces]], [[National Police of Ukraine|Ukrainian policemen]] and civilians in Ukrainian-controlled territory in 17 cases. Out of 108 allegations, OHCHR had verified 23 cases, including cases of rape, gang rape, torture, and forced public stripping.<ref name="OHCHR_June" /> By 31 July 2022, OHCHR was not able to draw any conclusions on the extent of conflict-related sexual violence in Ukraine, but had documented "numerous cases" of sexual violence, including 9 cases of rape, 15 cases of sexual violence used as a method of torture, and 11 cases of forced public stripping against people considered to be "lawbreakers".<ref name="OHCHR_September" /> By 31 October, OHCHR reported that it had documented 86 cases of conflict-related sexual violence, including rape and gang rape, most of which were perpetrated by members of the Russian armed forces or police authorities.<ref name="OHCHR_December" /> The Ukrainian law enforcement authorities were investigating 43 cases of sexual violence.<ref name="OHCHR_December" />

In May 2022 [[Prosecutor General of Ukraine|Ukraine's prosecutor general]] [[Iryna Venediktova]] said that she was sure that rape was used as a deliberate war tactic by the Russian army.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia Accused of Weaponising Rape in Ukraine |url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/russia-accused-weaponising-rape-ukraine |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=iwpr.net |language=en}}</ref>

As of May 2022, about 82.4% of cases of sexual violence related to the conflict that were reported by the [[United Nations]] were alleged to have been perpetrated by Russian or Russian-aligned combatants, while about 9.25% were reported to have been committed by the [[Ukrainian Armed Forces]] or [[National Police of Ukraine|law enforcement]].<ref name="OHCHR_June" /><ref name="HRW_UA_apparent_war_crimes" /> On 29 June, 2022, the OHCHR reported that it had received 108 allegations of conflict related sexual violence and it had verified 23 cases.<ref name="OHCHR_June" />

On 27 September 2022 a report of the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) said that it was not yet able to draw any conclusions on the extent of conflict-related sexual violence in Ukraine, but that it had documented "numerous cases" perpetrated against women, girls and men.<ref name="OHCHR_September" /> OHCHR had documented 9 cases of rape, 15 cases of sexual violence used as a method of torture, and 11 cases of forced public stripping against people considered to be "lawbreakers".<ref name="OHCHR_September" />

On 15 October 2022, [[Pramila Patten]], UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, said in an interview with [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] that she believed that Russia was using rape as a weapon of war: "When you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy". The UN official also stated that the actual number of victims was likely far higher than the official statistics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=Philip Wang,Tim Lister,Josh Pennington,Heather |date=2022-10-15 |title=Russia using rape as 'military strategy' in Ukraine: UN envoy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/15/europe/russia-ukraine-rape-sexual-violence-military-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

On 31 October 2022, [[Foreign Secretary|UK Foreign Secretary]] [[James Cleverly]] said that Russian soldiers in Ukraine were responsible of "mass rape".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Situation in Ukraine 31 October 2022: Foreign Secretary's statement |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/foreign-secretary-statement-on-the-situation-in-ukraine |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

On 2 December, the OHCHR said that since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine it had documented 86 cases of conflict-related sexual violence, including rape, gang rape, forced nudity and forced public stripping, most of which were perpetrated by members of the Russian armed forces or police authorities.<ref name="OHCHR_December" /> As of December 2022, the Ukrainian law enforcement authorities were investigating 43 cases of sexual violence.<ref name="OHCHR_December" />


==Sexual violence by Russian soldiers==
==Sexual violence by Russian soldiers==

Revision as of 18:21, 10 January 2023

See also:
War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Rape
Types
Effects and motivations
By country
During conflicts
Laws
Related articles
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Sexual violence in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has been committed by

Armed Forces of Russia, including the use of mass rape as a weapon of war[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and rape and torture of children.[11][12] According to the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, the victims of sexual assault by Russian soldiers ranged from 4 years old to over 80 years old.[13]

Risk factors

In its report covering the initial period of the

women and girls leaving Ukraine caused high risks of conflict-related sexual violence and human trafficking.[14] OHCHR stated that reports to the National hotline for the prevention of domestic violence, trafficking in human beings and gender discrimination[15][16] indicated a high risk of sexual violence, and that several factors made under-reporting likely.[14]

Nature and extent of sexual violence

Following the

late March liberation of the Kyiv region and reports of gang rape, gunpoint sexual assaults, and rapes in front of children, The Guardian asserted that Ukrainian women were facing a threat of rape as a weapon of war.[1]

In April 2022, Ukrainian officials and human rights organisations reported that Russian troops were using sexual violence on a huge scale as an instrument of war against the civilian population, to break down the morale of Ukrainians and prevent them from resisting.[17] On 3 April, La Strada Ukraine, which runs a hotline for helping survivors of human trafficking, sexual assault and domestic violence, stated that rape is underreported and stigmatised in peacetime and that the cases known to the organisation could be "the tip of the iceberg".[1]

On 21 April 2022, the Canadian and UK foreign ministers Mélanie Joly and Liz Truss jointly signed a letter in which they said that rape was being "used as a weapon of war" by Russian soldiers in Ukraine.[18] They described rape as a weapon of war to be "a systematic weapon to exert control and exercise power over women ... as destructive in conflict as chemical weapons or landmines, which are both banned by international conventions, but yet to be treated as seriously."[19][20]

In May 2022 Ukraine's prosecutor general Iryna Venediktova said that she was sure that rape was used as a deliberate war tactic by the Russian army.[21]

As of May 2022, about 82.4% of cases of sexual violence related to the conflict that were reported by the

Ukrainian Armed Forces or law enforcement.[22][23] On 29 June, 2022, the OHCHR reported that it had received 108 allegations of conflict related sexual violence and it had verified 23 cases.[22]

On 27 September 2022 a report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) said that it was not yet able to draw any conclusions on the extent of conflict-related sexual violence in Ukraine, but that it had documented "numerous cases" perpetrated against women, girls and men.[24] OHCHR had documented 9 cases of rape, 15 cases of sexual violence used as a method of torture, and 11 cases of forced public stripping against people considered to be "lawbreakers".[24]

On 15 October 2022, Pramila Patten, UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, said in an interview with AFP that she believed that Russia was using rape as a weapon of war: "When you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy". The UN official also stated that the actual number of victims was likely far higher than the official statistics.[25]

On 31 October 2022, UK Foreign Secretary James Cleverly said that Russian soldiers in Ukraine were responsible of "mass rape".[26]

On 2 December, the OHCHR said that since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine it had documented 86 cases of conflict-related sexual violence, including rape, gang rape, forced nudity and forced public stripping, most of which were perpetrated by members of the Russian armed forces or police authorities.[27] As of December 2022, the Ukrainian law enforcement authorities were investigating 43 cases of sexual violence.[27]

Sexual violence by Russian soldiers

Rape and torture of children

In late September 2022, a panel of investigators from the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine[28] released a statement which said that the commission has "documented cases in which children have been raped, tortured, and unlawfully confined" and labeled these as war crimes. The same report also referenced children being killed and injured by Russia's indiscriminate attacks as well as forced separation from family and kidnapping.[29]

In the Kyiv region, two Russian soldiers raped an entire family, including the husband, wife and their four-year-old daughter.[13]

Rape of elderly

In regions outside of Kyiv, Russian soldiers raped an 83-year-old woman, whose disabled husband was also present in the home. In another village in the same region, Russian soldiers gang-raped a 56-year-old woman after robbing her. Later the Russians tortured and murdered her husband.[13]

Notable cases

In late March, the Prosecutor General, Venediktova, started an investigation into a claim of Russian soldiers shooting a man and then raping his wife. The Times published an interview with the woman on 28 March. She stated that she was from a small village in Brovary Raion. According to her account, soldiers arrived at the couple's house, shot the couple's dog, shot the husband and said "You don’t have a husband anymore. I shot him with this gun. He was a fascist."[30] They held a gun to the wife's head and took turns to rape her while her son was in the boiler room of the house, crying. The two men took a 20-minute break and carried out the second round of rape, and later the third round of rape, by which time they were "so drunk they were barely standing". The wife escaped with her son, and testified to the police, and identified one of her alleged rapists from online social media profiles.[31]

OHCHR verified the allegation and described the case in its June 2022 report on human rights in Ukraine during the Russian invasion.[30]

Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported on a 13 March beating and rape of a 31-year-old woman in the village of Mala Rohan in Kharkiv Raion, controlled at the time by the Russian Armed Forces. Around midnight on 13 March, a Russian soldier entered a school where the woman was sheltering with her family and other villagers. The soldier forced the woman to undress under gunpoint. He shot at the ceiling and raped the woman. The soldier threatened the woman with a knife, raped her again, cut her neck, cheek and hair with his knife, hit her face and slapped her. Around 7 am on 14 March, the soldier released the woman and left the building. The woman and her family walked to Kharkiv and received medical assistance.[23]

On 12 April 2022, BBC News interviewed a 50-year-old woman from a village 70 km west of Kyiv, who said she was raped at gunpoint by a Chechen allied with the Russian Armed Forces. A 40-year-old woman was raped and killed by the same soldier, according to neighbours, leaving what BBC News described as a "disturbing crime scene". Police exhumed the 40-year-old's body the day after the visit by BBC News. The police chief of Kyiv Oblast, Andrii Nebytov, stated that the police were investigating a case on 9 March when Russian soldiers shot a man, and two of them repeatedly raped the man's wife. Then the soldiers burnt the house and shot the family's dogs. Police exhumed the man's body.[35]

late March 2022 liberation of the Kyiv region.[36] Bucha mayor Anatoliy Fedoruk stated that at least 25 rapes had been reported during Bucha massacre.[37]

Sexual violence during refugee crisis

Main article:
2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis

There have been at least two separate cases of women and children refugees who were allegedly taken advantage of while they were fleeing the violence in Ukraine. A man was arrested in Poland in mid-March for the alleged rape of a 19-year-old refugee who reportedly had sought shelter and aid from the man and two men reportedly assaulted a Ukrainian teenage refugee who was staying in German accommodations for refugees.[38] Prior to the launch of the United Kingdom Government's housing scheme for refugees, one woman reported a man who attempted to have her stay with him and promised free accommodation, food, expenses and a monthly allowance in return for sex. The woman reportedly tried to rebuff the man, who only stopped after she informed him she was traveling with her mother.[39]

Protests

Women held protests at Russian embassies against rape by Russian soldiers in the invasion. The women protested with bags over their heads, their hands tied behind their backs, and their bare legs covered in red liquid, symbolising blood, with four women protesting on 16 April 2022 in Dublin, Ireland,[40] and 80 women protesting on the same day in Vilnius, Lithuania.[41] On 20 April, a similar protest, by 130 women took place in front of the Russian embassy in Riga, Latvia,[42] and another was held by a dozen women in front of the Russian consulate in Gdańsk, Poland.[43]

Legal response

Ukraine's legislation in the field of (sexual) violence against women and domestic violence had been relatively weak at the start of the 21st century, and the penalties low.[44] In 2011, the Ukrainian government (under president Yanukovych) was one of the authors and first signers of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention), but tough parliamentary opposition prevented its implementation in subsequent years, including a parliamentary majority voting against ratification in 2016.[44] Meanwhile, the risk of women becoming victims of gender-based violence significantly increased in eastern Ukraine ever since the Russo-Ukrainian War began in 2014.[44] Throughout the 2010s and early 2020s, several Ukrainian organisations campaigned for better protection of human rights, pushing for ratification of the Convention to achieve that goal.[44] On 6 December 2017, the Ukrainian parliament and government (under president Poroshenko) adopted several amendments to its Criminal Code, including consent-based definitions of sexual violence, in order to implement the Istanbul Convention.[45] The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which resulted in a surge of reports of domestic and sexual violence committed against civilians, particularly in the Russian-occupied territories, coupled with the Ukrainian government's desire to join the European Union and gain European support against the invasion, were compelling reasons for eventually ratifying the treaty in its entirety.[44] On 18 June 2022, president Zelenskyy registered in Parliament a bill on the ratification of the Istanbul Convention. On 20 June 2022, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine supported the ratification of the Istanbul Convention[46] by 259 votes against 8.[44] Ukraine submitted its instrument of ratification on 18 July 2022, meaning the Convention will enter into force in Ukraine on 1 November 2022.[47]

See also

References

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  42. ^ "Protest against the rape of Ukrainian women by russian army took place near russian embassy in Riga". Rubryka. 2022-04-20. Archived from the original on 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
  43. ^ "Worki na głowach, związane ręce i poplamione majtki. Protest przeciw gwałtom pod konsulatem Rosji" [Bags on their heads, tied hands and stained underwear. Protest against rape in front of the Russian consulate]. Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). 2022-04-20. Archived from the original on 2022-04-20. Retrieved 2022-04-20.
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  45. ^ "Про внесення змін до Кримінального та Кримінального процесуального кодексів України з метою реалізації положень Конвенції Ради Європи про запобігання насильству стосовно жінок і домашньому насильству та боротьбу з цими явищами" [On amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine in order to implement the provisions of the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Violence...]. Official web-portal of the Parliament of Ukraine. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 10 September 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
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  47. ^ "Ukraine ratifies the Istanbul Convention". coe.int. Council of Europe. 18 July 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&oldid=1132810424"