Sunda clouded leopard: Difference between revisions

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| status = VU
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors= Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. & Sunarto, S. |year=2008|id=136603|title=Neofelis diardi|downloaded=18 January 2009}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of Vulnerable</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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The '''Bornean Clouded Leopard''' ''(Neofelis diardi)'', or '''Sundaland Clouded Leopard''', is a medium-sized wild [[felidae|cat]] found in [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]]. In 2006, it was classified as a separate species, distinct from its continental relatives, ''[[Neofelis nebulosa]]''.<ref name="BB">{{cite journal | author = Buckley-Beason, V.A., Johnson, W.E., Nash, W.G., Stanyon, R., Menninger, J.C., Driscoll, C.A., Howard, J., Bush, M., Page, J.E., Roelke, M.E., Stone, G., Martelli, P., Wen, C., Ling, L.; Duraisingam, R.K., Lam, V.P., O'Brien, S.J. | title = Molecular Evidence for Species-Level Distinctions in Clouded Leopards | journal = Current Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 23 | pages = 2371–2376 | date = 5 December 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.066 | pmid = 17141620}}</ref><ref name="Kit">{{cite journal | author = Kitchener, A.C., Beaumont, M.A., Richardson, D. | title = Geographical Variation in the Clouded Leopard, ''Neofelis nebulosa'', Reveals Two Species | journal = Current Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 23 | pages = 2377–2383 | date = 5 December 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.066 | pmid = 17141621}}</ref>
The '''Bornean Clouded Leopard''' ''(Neofelis diardi)'', or '''Sundaland Clouded Leopard''', is a medium-sized wild [[felidae|cat]] found in [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]]. In 2006, it was classified as a separate species, distinct from its continental relatives, ''[[Neofelis nebulosa]]''.<ref name="BB">{{cite journal | author = Buckley-Beason, V.A., Johnson, W.E., Nash, W.G., Stanyon, R., Menninger, J.C., Driscoll, C.A., Howard, J., Bush, M., Page, J.E., Roelke, M.E., Stone, G., Martelli, P., Wen, C., Ling, L.; Duraisingam, R.K., Lam, V.P., O'Brien, S.J. | title = Molecular Evidence for Species-Level Distinctions in Clouded Leopards | journal = Current Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 23 | pages = 2371–2376 | date = 5 December 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.066 | pmid = 17141620}}</ref><ref name="Kit">{{cite journal | author = Kitchener, A.C., Beaumont, M.A., Richardson, D. | title = Geographical Variation in the Clouded Leopard, ''Neofelis nebulosa'', Reveals Two Species | journal = Current Biology | volume = 16 | issue = 23 | pages = 2377–2383 | date = 5 December 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.066 | pmid = 17141621}}</ref>


The name ''Bornean Clouded Leopard'' was publicised by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] on March 14, 2007, quoting Dr. Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]] as saying, "Genetic research results clearly indicate that the clouded leopard of Borneo should be considered a separate species".<ref name="WWF">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070315075842.htm |title=New Species Declared: Clouded Leopard found on Borneo and Sumatra |publisher=ScienceDaily |date=15 March 2007 |accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref>
The name ''Bornean Clouded Leopard'' was publicised by the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] on March 14, 2007, quoting Dr. Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]] as saying, "Genetic research results clearly indicate that the clouded leopard of Borneo should be considered a separate species".<ref name="WWF">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070315075842.htm |title=New Species Declared: Clouded Leopard found on Borneo and Sumatra |publisher=ScienceDaily |date=15 March 2007 |accessdate=26 November 2010}}</ref>

In 2008, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] classified the species as [[vulnerable species| Vulnerable]], with a total effective population size suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, and a decreasing population trend.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors= Hearn, A., Sanderson, J., Ross, J., Wilting, A. and Sunarto, S. |year=2008 |id=136603 |title=Neofelis diardi |downloaded=18 January 2009}}</ref>


==Anatomy and morphology==
==Anatomy and morphology==

Revision as of 19:18, 26 November 2010

Bornean Clouded Leopard[1]
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene to Recent
Bornean Clouded Leopard in lower Kinabatangan River, eastern Sabah, Malaysia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Family:
Felidae
Subfamily:
Pantherinae
Genus:
Neofelis
Species:
N. diardi
Binomial name
Neofelis diardi
(G. Cuvier, 1823)
Range of Bornean Clouded Leopard
Synonyms

Felis diardii
Felis macrocelis
Felis marmota
Neofelis nebulosa diardi

The Bornean Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi), or Sundaland Clouded Leopard, is a medium-sized wild

Neofelis nebulosa.[3][4]

The name Bornean Clouded Leopard was publicised by the WWF on March 14, 2007, quoting Dr. Stephen O'Brien of the U.S. National Cancer Institute as saying, "Genetic research results clearly indicate that the clouded leopard of Borneo should be considered a separate species".[5]

In 2008, the IUCN classified the species as Vulnerable, with a total effective population size suspected to be fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, and a decreasing population trend.[2]

Anatomy and morphology

The Bornean clouded leopard is the largest felid in Borneo, and has a stocky build, weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). With short and flexible legs, large paws, and keen claws, this big cat is very sure-footed. The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion to the skull length, are longer than those of any other extant feline. Its tail can grow to be as long as its body, aiding balance.

Its coat is marked with irregularly-shaped, dark-edged ovals which are said to be shaped like clouds, hence its common name. Though scientists have known of its existence since the early 19th century, it was positively identified as being a distinct species in its own right in 2006, having long been believed to be a subspecies of the mainland

Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa).[4][3]

Distribution and habitat

The Bornean clouded leopard is probably restricted to Borneo and Sumatra. On Borneo they occur in lowland rainforest, and at lower density, in logged forest. Records on Borneo are below 1,500 m (4,900 ft). On Sumatra they appear to be more abundant in hilly, montane areas. It is unknown if there are still Bornean clouded leopards on the small Batu Islands close to Sumatra.[2]

The first documented film of the cat was taken in June 2009 in Sabah.[6]

The species was previously found in Java, but has not been recorded there since Neolithic times.[citation needed]

Ecology and behaviour

The habits of the Bornean clouded leopard are largely unknown because of the animal's secretive nature. It is assumed that it is generally a solitary creature.

The clouded leopard hunts mainly on the ground and uses its climbing skills to hide from dangers.[citation needed]

Etymology and taxonomic history

William Jardine
's The Natural History of The Feline, published 1834

Despite its name, the Bornean clouded leopard is not closely related to the leopard. The species was named Neofelis diardi in honor of

explorer Pierre-Médard Diard; in the 19th century Felis diardii designated the Clouded Leopard/Bornean Clouded Leopard, colloquially "Diard's Cat".[7] The local names, "Macan Dahan" in Indonesian and "Harimau Dahan" in Malay (also reported historically in Sumatra), mean "tree branch tiger".[citation needed
]

The species was long regarded as a subspecies of the Clouded Leopard, named Neofelis nebulosa diardi. In December 2006, two articles in the journal

pelages of fifty-seven Clouded Leopards sampled throughout the genus' wide geographical range concluded that there were two distinct morphological groups, differing primarily in the size of their cloud markings.[4]

Another study led by Valerie A. Buckley-Beason cited molecular evidence for the species-level distinction of the Clouded Leopard, although the study only used DNA samples from the Bornean population and mainland Asia and not from the Sumatran population. The genetics study found differences in the molecular genetic analyses (mtDNA, nuclear DNA sequences, microsatellite variation, and cytogenetic differences) of the different species of Clouded Leopard.[3] Among the molecular disparities between the two species were thirty-six fixed mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide differences and 20 microsatellite loci with nonoverlapping allele-size ranges.[3] The study stated that the degree of differentiation was similar to the differences between the five Panthera species, thus concluding that Neofelis diardi is a separate species from Neofelis nebulosa.[3]

Evolutionary history

The genetic analysis of Neofelis nebulosa and Neofelis diardi suggest the two species diverged 1.4 million years ago, after the animals used a now submerged land bridge to reach Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia.[8]

Conservation

Because the Bornean Clouded Leopard's habits make it difficult to study, exact figures of its population do not exist. However, recent studies and filming (Dr Robert Martin) estimate the population to be between 5,000 and 11,000 great cats left on Borneo, and 3,000 to 7,000 on Sumatra.[5] In the countries of its native range, hunting of the Clouded Leopard is prohibited.[citation needed] However, these bans are very poorly enforced.

A recent study conducted in 2006, focusing on classifying tracks found in Sabah (northeastern Borneo), placed an estimate on the population: 1,500–3,200 cats in Sabah, with only 275–585 of them in large protected reserves.[9]

Encroachment upon and complete destruction of the Bornean clouded leopards' natural habitat, primarily by logging and the creation of

rubber and palm oil plantations, continues to threaten the whole fauna of Borneo
.

See also

  • Carnivores discovered in the 2000s

References

  1. OCLC 62265494
    .
  2. ^ a b c Template:IUCN2008
  3. ^
    PMID 17141620.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  4. ^
    PMID 17141621.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  5. ^ a b "New Species Declared: Clouded Leopard found on Borneo and Sumatra". ScienceDaily. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  6. ^ Mohamed, A. and Wilting, A. (2009) Sundaland Clouded leopard Neofelis diardi. Filmed at Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia. Conservation of Carnivores in Sabah online
  7. ^ George Ripley (1858). The New American Cyclopedia. D. Appleton and Company. p. 543.
  8. ^ Lewis Smith (14 March 2007). "After 200 years, a new big cat comes out of the jungle". London: Times Online. Retrieved 25 March 2007. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  9. PMID 17092347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link
    )

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Neofelis diardi.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neofelis diardi.
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