The Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres)

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The Apotheosis of Homer
ArtistIngres
Year1827
Mediumoil on canvas
Dimensions386 cm × 512 cm (152 in × 202 in)
LocationLouvre, Paris

The Apotheosis of Homer is a grand 1827 painting by the French Neoclassical artist Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, now exhibited at the Louvre as INV 5417. The symmetrical composition depicts Homer being crowned by a winged figure personifying Victory or the Universe. Forty-four additional figures pay homage to the poet in a kind of classical confession of faith.

History

A state commission to decorate a ceiling of the musée Charles X at the Louvre (now the ancient Egyptian galleries), it formed part of a renovation project commissioned by Charles X to have himself remembered in the grand tradition of Bourbon building works at the Louvre. A condition of the commission was that it was to be completed within a year's time.[1] Upon receiving the commission, Ingres conceived the idea for his painting quickly—it was a source of pride to him that he had required only an hour to establish the broad outlines of his composition in a sketch.[1] The subsequent care he took in developing his idea is evident in more than 100 drawings and numerous painted sketches for it that survive, in which he fixed the details more and more precisely. Ingres's level of research can be seen in the painting's portrait of Nicolas Poussin, which is directly copied from Poussin's 1650 self-portrait now in the Louvre.

The composition is a symmetrical grouping centered in a classical way in front of an ancient Greek temple. The painting's catalogue entry at the time of its first exhibition described it as "Homer receiving homage from all the great men of Greece, Rome and modern times. The Universe crowns him, Herodotus burns incense.[2] The Iliad and Odyssey sit at his feet."

Study for Phidias in The Apotheosis of Homer, oil on canvas, 1827, San Diego Museum of Art

The final painting's colours are very fresh and clear, giving the impression of

Dante who is shown being led by Virgil as in the former's Divine Comedy (extreme left, behind Poussin) and Molière
(right, by the feet of the personification of the Odyssey).

The art historian

Paris Salon. Ingres had been considered revolutionary early in his career, but this contrast now faced off a Romantic renewal under Delacroix against the purest classical tradition as shown by Ingres. The Apotheosis of Homer was taken down from its initial site in 1855 and replaced later that year with a copy by Paul and Raymond Balze (in collaboration with Michel Dumas).[4]

Figures shown

Surrounding Homer are poets, artists, and philosophers both ancient and modern—the modern personages are mostly confined to the lower register of the composition, although Ingres deemed Raphael and Michelangelo worthy of elevation to stand alongside the ancients. The figures are:[5]

Later repetitions

Ingres revisited the subject in several later works, including an undated watercolour (Lille, Musée des Beaux-Arts) and paintings such as Homer and His Guide (1861; Brussels, Royal Collection) and The Odyssey (Lyon, Musée des Beaux-Arts). In 1854 be began work on a drawing of the composition to be used as a model for the engraver

Cosimo de Medici, Louis XIV, and Pope Leo X.[5] Ingres also refined his selection by excluding Shakespeare, Tasso, and Camões from the 1865 drawing, as he had come to believe that they were too closely related to the Romantic tendency epitomized by his rival Delacroix.[5]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Condon et al. 1983, p. 110.
  2. ^ Behind Homer, to the left, with his head covered to make a sacrifice, as was customary in classical religious practice, as with the Via Labicana Augustus.
  3. ^ Rosenblum 1990, p. 100.
  4. ^ The Balzes' copy
  5. ^ a b c Radius 1968, p. 103.
  6. ^ a b Condon et al. 1983, p. 112.

References

  • Condon, Patricia; Cohn, Marjorie B.; Mongan, Agnes (1983). In Pursuit of Perfection: The Art of J.-A.-D. Ingres. Louisville: The J. B. Speed Art Museum.
    ISBN 0-9612276-0-5
  • Radius, Emilio (1968). L'opera completa di Ingres. Milan: Rizzoli.
    OCLC 58818848
  • Rosenblum, Robert (1990). Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres. New York: H.N. Abrams.
    ISBN 0810934515
    .

External links

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