Treaty of Bromberg
Draheim (Drahim) and Elbing (Elbląg) | |
Signed | 6 November 1657 |
---|---|
Location | Bromberg (Bydgoszcz), Poland |
Expiration | 1773 |
Signatories |
|
Parties | |
Language | Latin |
The Treaty of Bromberg (
In exchange for military aid in the
The treaty was confirmed and internationally recognized in the
Context
The
In 1656, during the early
The Polish interest in an alliance with Brandenburg-Prussia was born out of the need to end the war against Sweden as soon as possible.[6] On 3 November 1656, the Truce of Vilna had promised Alexis of Russia's election as a successor on the Polish throne at the next diet in return for halting his offensive in Poland–Lithuania and to fight Sweden instead.[7] In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, there was support for the treaty from the nobles, who hoped for positions with more privilege, but that was not true for the Kingdom of Poland, where the elites looked for ways to circumvent Alexis's succession.[8] For a fast end to the war against Sweden to be able to avoid the implementation of the Truce of Vilna, the anti-Swedish alliance had to be extended.[6]
The newly won Russian ally was reluctant to support Poland against Sweden as long as no diet had confirmed the truce.
The Habsburgs' interest in the treaty was to build up good relations with Frederick William I. As a prince-elector, he was a valuable ally if he supported their policy in the Holy Roman Empire.[11] Thus, the Habsburgs were interested in Frederick William I changing sides and sent diplomat Franz Paul Freiherr von Lisola to mediate a respective settlement.[11]
Bromberg and Wehlau are regarded as "twin treaties",[12] "supplementary treaties"[13] or one treaty, which is sometimes referred to as "Treaty of Wehlau and Bromberg"[14] or "Treaty of Wehlau-Bromberg."[15]
Ratification
The preliminary treaty of Wehlau had been signed on 19 September 1657 by
The amended and final version of the treaty was ratified on 6 November by Frederick William I and
The Treaties of Wehlau and Bromberg were confirmed by the parties
Agreements
The treaty ratified in Bromberg had three parts. The first one contained 22 articles[22] and dealt primarily with the status and succession of Prussia, the Brandenburg-Polish alliance, and military aid. It was drafted in Wehlau and signed there by the Brandenburgian and Polish plenipotentiaries and the Habsburg mediator. The second part was a special convention ("Specialis Convention") containing 6 articles, also drafted and signed by the plenipotentiaries and the mediator in Wehlau, which further detailed the alliance and military aid. The third part amended the Wehlau agreement and primarily detailed Polish concessions.[23]
Status of Prussia
The
However,
The
Military aid
Financial and territorial agreements
In return, the Polish crown granted Brandenburg-Prussia
In addition to Lauenburg and Bütow land, Brandenburg-Prussia was to receive the town of
The third Polish concession was the payment of 120,000 thalers to Brandenburg-Prussia for war-related damage suffered upon entering the war by Poland.
For the
The rights of the nobility of Lauenburg and Bütow Land were to be left unchanged, and previous court sentences and privileges were to remain in force.[32] The administration of the region should be conducted just as it had been handled by the Pomeranian dukes.[32] In a note issued separately from the treaty, John II Casimir assured the nobles that Poland would continue to treat them as members of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and so the nobles would enjoy the same rights and opportunities as the Polish nobles if they decided to leave for Poland.[32]
Implementation
Prussia
The treaty first met with the protest of the
Lauenburg and Bütow Land
Lauenburg and Bütow Land was officially handed over by John II Casimir's envoy Ignatz Bokowski and received by the Brandenburg-Prussian envoys Adam von Podewils and Ulrich Gottfried von Somnitz in April 1658.[32] During the ceremony, the non-noble inhabitants swore the same oath of allegiance to the Brandenburgian electors that had been sworn to the Pomeranian dukes, and the nobles swore a modified oath.[32] The oath was given by 63 noble families from the Lauenburg district and 43 families of the Bütow district, which was represented at the ceremony by 220 persons.[32] Three persons swore in Polish.[32] The Brandenburg-Prussian administration did not accept all of the families as nobles since in May, only thirteen indigenous and six immigrated Pomeranian families in the Lauenburg district and four families in the Bütow district were listed as nobles, the others being referred to as besondere freye Leute ("special free persons").[35]
The Brandenburgian electors amended their title with dominus de Lauenburg et Bytaw, despite Polish protests aimed at a change from dominus (lord) to fiduciarus (fiduciary).
The provision that Brandenburgian envoys were to be sent to the inauguration of subsequent Polish kings was followed until 1698, when Brandenburg-Prussia ceased to send delegations.[26] The Treaty of Bromberg was superseded by the Treaty of Warsaw (1773), which followed the First Partition of Poland in 1772.[36] In the new treaty, the terms of Bromberg were cancelled, including the guarantees for the Catholic Church and the nobles, and the Polish crown renounced all rights on Lauenburg and Bütow Land, which was accordingly no longer a fief and would no longer be inherited by the Polish king if the Hohenzollern line became extinct.[36]
Elbing/Elbląg
In 1660, the
Draheim
In addition to Elbing, Poland aimed at also keeping Draheim, but Frederick William I was able to thwart those plans by occupying it in 1663.
Assessments
According to
Józef Włodarski regards the treaty as one of the greatest mistakes in Polish foreign policy towards Prussia with fatal consequences for Poland.[46] According to Anna Kamińska, the treaty marked the end of Polish influence on the Baltic and the decline of Poland–Lithuania's position in Europe.[47] Frost says that the treaty was subject to criticism of historians such as Kazimierz Piwarski, who considered that the price paid by Poland in Bromberg was unnecessarily high.[48] According to Frost, these critics argue from a view after the partitions of Poland and neglect the complexity of the contemporary situation: "Contemporary [Polish] politicians were aware of the dangers of conceding sovereignty, which they accepted not because they were stupid, indifferent, or lacking in foresight, but because the alternatives seemed more damaging to the Commonwealth's interests".[11] Frost regards as having merit Piwarski's assertion of the Polish decision to have been heavily influenced by the Habsburgs but also states that the Polish interest in a rapprochement with Brandenburg had emerged before 1656, long before Lisola entered the scene.[11]
See also
Notes
- ^ Signatories at Wehlau (per Annotated edition, IEG Mainz, retrieved 2010-02-22 Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine):
- Venceslaus de Leszno, episcopus Varmien[sis] s[acrae] r[egiae] m[ajesta]tis Poloniae et Sueciae plenipotentiarius
- Vincentius Corvinus Gosiewski, supremus thesaurarius et campiductor m[agni] d[ucatus] L[ithuaniae] s[acrae] r[egiae] m[ajestatis] Poloniae et Sueciae plenipotentiarius
- F[ranciscus] De Lisola, seren[issimi] m[ajestatis] Hungariae et Bohemiae regis ad hosce tractatum pro mediatione ablegatus, eiusdemque consiliarius
- Ottho Liber Baro a Schwerin, plenipotentiarius electoralis
- Laurentius Christophorus Somnitz, Plenipotentiarius electoralis
- ^ The signatories at Bromberg also included Mikołaj Prazmowski and Kazimierz Samuel Kuszewicz. Annotated edition, IEG Mainz.
- ^ The sum given for the Elbing ransom by historian Robert I. Frost is 40,000 thalers in Frost (2004), p. 104, and 400,000 thalers in Frost (2000), p. 200. It is 300,000 thalers in Oakley (1992), p. 103 and Wilson (1998), p. 135. Kamińska (1983), p. 12 gives 400,000 thalers. The commented edition of the treaty at the Institut für Europäische Geschichte (Institute for European History) in Mainz gives 400,000 reichstalers in the second amendment, overruling Article XII of the Wehlau tractates. Instead of providing 500 horse, Brandenburg-Prussia was to return Elbing and level its fortification upon receiving the payment, sources given there are: AGADWarschau MK KK Volume 202, p. 40, print: Dogiel IV, p. 497; Pufendorf, p. 389; Dumont VI/2, p. 196; Dolezel, p. 208
Sources
References
- ^ Miasta warmińskie w latach 1655-1663 Józef Włodarski Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna w Olsztynie,page 62, 1993
- ^ Jähnig (2006), p. 71
- ^ a b c Małłek (2006), p. 75
- ^ Vierhaus (1984), p. 169
- ^ Wilson (1998), pp. 36-37
- ^ a b c Frost (2004), p. 98
- ^ Frost (2004), p. 82
- ^ Frost (2004), pp. 86, 89, 98, 103, 128, 132
- ^ Frost (2004), p. 86
- ^ a b c Frost (2004), p. 95
- ^ a b c d Frost (2004), p. 97
- ^ a b Nolan (2008), p. 334
- ^ Stone (2001), p. 169
- ^ Materna (1995), p. 318
- ^ a b c d e f Frost (2004), p. 105
- ^ Frost (2004), pp. 97, 104
- ^ a b Biereigel (2005), p. 63
- ^ van Stekelenburg (1988), p. 255
- ^ a b Frost (2000), p. 183
- ^ a b c d e Jähnig (2006), p. 68
- ^ a b c Friedrich (2006), p. 150
- ^ Kamińska (1983), p. 9
- ^ Annotated edition, IEG Mainz, retrieved 2010-02-22
- ^ a b Kamińska (1983), p. 10
- ^ a b c Bahlcke (2008), p. 124
- ^ a b c d e f Schmidt (2006), p. 103
- ^ a b Motsch (2001), p. 85
- ^ Wilson (1998), p. 36
- ^ a b c Frost (2004), p. 104
- ^ Motsch (2001), p. 18
- ^ Schmidt (2006), pp. 103-104
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schmidt (2006), p. 104
- ^ a b c Stone (2001), p. 170
- ^ Holborn (1982), p. 104
- ^ Schmidt (2006), pp. 104-105
- ^ a b c d Schmidt (2006), p. 105
- ^ Friedrich (2006), p. 151
- ^ Wilson (1998), p. 135
- ^ a b Wilson (1998), p. 136
- ^ Motsch (2001), p. 25
- ^ Motsch (2001), pp. 18-19
- ^ a b c Motsch (2001), p. 87
- ^ similarly: Frost (2004), p. 97: of "undeniable importance in the subsequent rise of Brandenburg-Prussia"
- ^ Clark (2006), p. 49.
- ^ Clark (2006), pp. 49-50.
- ^ Włodarski (1993), p. 62.
- ^ Frost (2004), p. 97, referring to Kamińska (1983), p. 3
- ^ Frost (2004), p. 97, referring to K. Piwarski (1938)
Bibliography
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- Muszyńska, J.; Wijaczki J.(red.) - Rzeczpospolita w latach Potopu 4. J. Wijaczka: Traktat welawsko-bydgoski - próba oceny.
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External links
Text of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty
- Scan of the treaty ratified at Bromberg, consisting of the terms regarding Prussia and Ermland (22 articles, Wehlau), the terms regarding the Brandenburg-Polish alliance (6 articles, Wehlau) and the amendments regarding Lauenburg-Bütow, Elbing etc, and hosted at ieg-mainz.de (Institut für Europäische Geschichte Mainz), 24 pages
- Annotated edition / transcription of the treaty hosted at ieg-mainz.de
- Separate scan of the Brandenburg-Polish alliance against Sweden (Wehlau) hosted at ieg-mainz.de, 7 pages
Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty
- Annotated edition of the Peace of Oliva, including the confirmation of Wehlau-Bromberg, Oliva 1660, at ieg-mainz.de
- Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1672, transcription, ieg-mainz.de
- Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1677, transcription, ieg-mainz.de
- Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1688, scan, hosted at ieg-mainz.de
- Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1688, transcription, hosted at ieg-mainz.de
- Confirmation and extension of the Wehlau-Bromberg treaty, Warsaw 1698, scan, hosted at ieg-mainz.de