Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz | |
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Downtown with Freedom Square Banks of the Brda River in the Old Town | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postal code | 85-001 to 85–915 |
Area code | (+48) 52 |
Car plates | CB |
Primary airport | Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport |
Highways | |
Website | www |
Bydgoszcz
The city is part of the
Bydgoszcz is an architecturally rich city, with
Etymology
The name Bydgoszcz, originally Bydgoszcza, derives from Bydgost, a personal name, and the suffix -ja, denoting ownership. The German name Bromberg is an alteration of Braheberg, meaning "hill on the Brahe River" (Polish: Brda).[15] The Latin names for the city is Bidgostia and Civitas Bidgostiensis.
In Polish, the city's name has feminine grammatical gender.
History
Early history and first settlements
In ancient times, there was a development of settlements related to lively trade contacts with the Roman Empire, as a convenient location of today's Bydgoszcz laid on the Amber Road heading northwest to the Baltic coastline avoiding crossing the Vistula river.[16][17][18]
During the early Slavic period a fishing settlement called Bydgoszcza ("Bydgostia" in Latin) became a stronghold on the Vistula trade routes.
The
During the
Royal city of Poland
King
The city increasingly saw an influx of
During the
In 1480, a Bernardine monastery was established in Bydgoszcz.[21] The Bernardines erected a new Gothic church and founded a library, part of which has survived to this day.[21] A Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland was held in Bydgoszcz in 1520.[22] In 1522, after a decision taken by the Polish king, a salt depot was established in Bydgoszcz, the second in the region after Toruń.[19] In 1594, Stanisław Cikowski founded a private mint, which in the early 17th century was transformed into a royal mint, one of the leading mints in Poland.[21]
In 1621, on the occasion of the Polish victory over the Ottoman Empire at Chocim, one of the most valuable and largest coins in the history of Europe was minted in Bydgoszcz – 100 ducats of Sigismund III Vasa.[21] In 1617 the Jesuits came to the city, and subsequently established a Jesuit college.[19]
During the year of 1629, shortly before the end of the
The Treaty of Bromberg, agreed in 1657 by King John II Casimir Vasa of Poland and Elector Frederick William II of Brandenburg-Prussia, created a military alliance between Poland and Prussia while marking the withdrawal of Prussia from its alliance with Sweden.
After the
Late modern period
In 1772, in the
In 1807, after the defeat of Prussia by
In 1871 the Province of Posen, along with the rest of the Kingdom of Prussia, became part of the newly formed German Empire. During German rule, the oldest church of the city (church of Saint Giles), the remains of the castle,[19][21] and the Carmelite church and monastery were demolished. In the mid-19th century, the city saw the arrival of the Prussian Eastern Railway. The first stretch, from Schneidemühl (Piła), was opened in July 1851.
At the time of World War I, Poles in Bydgoszcz formed secret organizations, preparing to regain control of the city in the event of Poland regaining its independence.[30]
Interbellum
After the war, Bydgoszcz was assigned to the
The city's boundaries were greatly expanded in 1920 to include the surrounding suburbs of Okole, Szwederowo, Bartodzieje, Kapuściska, Wilczak, Jachcice and more, which made Bydgoszcz the third biggest in terms of size area city of the
World War II
During the invasion of Poland, at the beginning of World War II, on September 1, 1939, Germany carried out air raids on the city. The Polish 15th Infantry Division, which was stationed in Bydgoszcz, fought off German attacks on September 2, but on September 3 was forced to retreat. During the withdrawal of Poles, as part of the diversion planned by Germany, local Germans opened fire on Polish soldiers and civilians. Polish soldiers and civilians were forced into a defensive battle in which several hundred people were killed on both sides. The event, referred to as the Bloody Sunday by the propaganda of Nazi Germany, which exaggerated the number of victims to 5,000 "defenceless" Germans, was used as an excuse to carry out dozens of mass executions of Polish residents in the Old Market Square and in the Valley of Death.[19][21] Between September 3–10, 1939, the Germans executed 192 Poles in the city.[35]
On September 5, while the Wehrmacht entered the city, German-Polish skirmishes still took place in the Szwederowo district, and the German occupation of the city began. The German Einsatzgruppe IV, Einsatzkommando 16 and SS-Totenkopf-Standarte "Brandenburg" entered the city to commit atrocities against the Polish population, and afterwards some of its members co-formed the local German police.[36] Many of the murders were carried out as part of the Intelligenzaktion, aimed at exterminating the Polish elites and preventing the establishment of a Polish resistance movement,[37] which emerged regardless. On September 24, the local German Kreisleiter called local Polish city officials to a supposed formal meeting in the city hall, from where they were taken to a nearby forest and exterminated.[38] The Kreisleiter also ordered the execution of their family members to "avoid creating martyrs".[38] By decision from September 5, 1939, one of the first three German special courts in occupied Poland was established in Bydgoszcz.[39]
The Germans established several camps and prisons for Poles.[35] As of September 30, 1939, over 3,000 individuals were imprisoned there, and in October and November, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of over 7,200 people.[40] Many of those people were then murdered.[41] Poles from Bydgoszcz were massacred at various locations in the city, at the Valley of Death and in the nearby village of Tryszczyn.[41] The victims were both men and women, including activists, school principals, teachers, priests, local officials, merchants, lawyers, and also boy and girl scouts, gymnasium students and children as young as 12.[42] The executions were presented as punishment for supposedly "murdering Germans" and "destroying peace", and were used by Nazi propaganda to show the world that it was alleged "Polish terror" that forced Hitler to start the war.[41] On the Polish National Independence Day, November 11, 1939, the Germans symbolically publicly executed Leon Barciszewski, the mayor of Bydgoszcz.[43] On November 17, 1939, the commander of the local SD-EK unit declared there was no more Polish intelligentsia capable of resistance in the city.[43]
The city was annexed to the newly formed province of
During the
The Polish resistance was active in Bydgoszcz. Activities included distribution of underground Polish press, sabotage actions, stealing German ammunition to aid Polish partisans, espionage of German activity[50] and providing shelter for British POWs who escaped from the Stalag XX-A POW camp.[51] The Gestapo cracked down on the Polish resistance several times.[52]
In spring 1945, Bydgoszcz was occupied by the advancing Red Army. Those German residents who had survived were expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and the city was returned to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the 1980s. The Polish resistance remained active in Bydgoszcz.[53]
Post-war period
In the same year 1945, the city was made the seat of the
In 1973, the former town of
With the
Currently, Bydgoszcz is the biggest center of NATO headquarters in Poland, the most known being the Joint Force Training Centre. In May 2023, debris of a Russian Kh-55 air-sol missile was found in the forest of the near village Zamość.[54]
Main sights
The oldest building in the city is the Cathedral of St Martin and St Nicolas, commonly known as Fara Church. It is a three-aisle late Gothic church, erected between 1466 and 1502, which boasts a late-Gothic painting entitled Madonna with a Rose or the Holy Virgin of Beautiful Love from the 16th century. The colourful 20th-century polychrome is also especially worthy of note.
The
Wyspa Młyńska (
The
The building of the former Prussian Eastern Railway Headquarters erected between 1886 and 1889 in Dutch Mannierist style is another notable structure in the city. Initially it served as a headquarters of the Prussian Eastern Railway and later it belonged to the Polish State Railways. Since 2022 it is privately owned.
The city is mostly associated with water, sports, Art Nouveau buildings, waterfront, music, and urban greenery. Bydgoszcz boasts the largest city park in Poland (830 ha). The city was also once famous for its industry.
Some great monuments have been destroyed, for example, the church in the Old Market Square and the
Economy and demographics
In the city, there are 38 banks represented through a network of 116 branches (including the headquarters of the
Since 2001, Bydgoszcz has been annually subjected to international 'verification' ratings. In February 2008 the Agency 'Fitch Ratings', recategorised the city, increasing its rating from BBB-(stable forecast) to BBB (stable estimate).
In 2004, Bydgoszcz launched an Industrial and Technology Park of 283 hectares, an attractive place for doing business as companies that relocate there receive tax breaks, 24-hour security, access to large plots of land and to the media, the railway line Chorzów Batory – Tczew (passenger, coal), the DK5 and DK10 national roads, and future freeways S10 and S5. Bydgoszcz Airport is also close by.
Population growth since 17th century
Culture
Bydgoszcz is a major cultural centre in the country, especially for music. Traditions of the municipal theatre date back to the 17th century, when the Jesuit college built a theatre. In 1824, a
Bydgoszcz was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. [55] It joined the list of UNESCO's Cities of Music in 2023.[56]
Museums
Muzeum Okręgowe im. Leona Wyczółkowskiego (
In Bydgoszcz, the
The city has many art galleries, two
Classical music
- The Pomeranian Philharmonic performance home with full name Filharmonia Pomorska im. Ignacego Paderewskiego (Ignacy Paderewski's [Concert Hall]) includes its 880-seat main hall, the Arthur Rubinstein Hall, a key European, rectangular, concert hall with superb acoustic qualities, still mainly hosting all types of classical music.
Popular music
- Concerts of popular music in Bydgoszcz are usually held in Filharmonia Pomorska, Łuczniczka, Zawisza and Polonia stadiums as well as open plains of Myslecinek's Rozopole on the outskirts of the city.
- Alternative music festival "Low Fi" [1] Archived 2015-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
- Smooth Festival Złote Przeboje Bydgoszcz
- Eska Music Festival Bydgoszcz
- Hity na Czasie Festival Bydgoszcz
- Bydgoszcz Hit Festival
Theatre
From 1960 to 1986, there was an outdoor theater, the reactivation of which is currently being pursued by the Theatre Culture Association, "Fides" and the Acting School A. Grzymala-Siedlecki.
The Pomeranian Philharmonic named after Ignacy Jan Paderewski has existed since 1953. The concert hall, which can hold 920 people is classified, in terms of sound, as one of the best in Europe, which is confirmed by well-known artists and critics (including Jerzy Waldorff). Due to the phenomenon of acoustics, it attracts the interest of many famous artists. Bydgoszcz's stage has been frequented by many global celebrities, including Arthur Rubinstein, Benjamin Britten, Witold Małcużyński, Luciano Pavarotti, Shlomo Mintz, Mischa Maisky, Kevin Kenner, Kurt Masur, Kazimierz Kord, Jerzy Maksymiuk and Antoni Wit. In recent years, the city has also hosted an excellent range of bands such as the BBC Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, and others.
The Opera Nova, in existence since 1956, started the construction of a new building in 1974 which was to consist of three main halls, situated on the Brda. The Opera Nova has become a cultural showcase of Bydgoszcz in the world. Considering the short history of the Opera, its success has been astounding; a large number of famous opera singers have performed there and theatrical troops from the Wrocław Opera, Theatre of Leningrad, Moscow, Kiev, Minsk, and Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon have also made appearances.
Cinematography
- The International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography CAMERIMAGE is a festival dedicated to cinematography and its creators cinematographers.
Education
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Transport
Airports
Railways
Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest railway junctions in Poland, with two important lines crossing there – the east–west connection from Toruń to Pila and the north–south line from Inowrocław to Gdańsk (see: Polish Coal Trunk-Line). There are also secondary-importance lines stemming from the city, to Szubin and to Chełmża. Among rail stations located in the city, there are:
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Buses and trams
- Local buses and trams are operated by ZDMiKP Bydgoszcz
- PKS Bydgoszcz – operates inter-city and international bus routes.
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Historic main railway station in Bydgoszcz
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Modern part of the main railway station
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Tram in Bydgoszcz
Sports
Sports clubs
- Basket 25 Bydgoszcz – women's basketball team playing in Basket Liga Kobiet, the country's top division.
- Astoria Bydgoszcz – men's basketball team playing in Polish Basketball League, the country's top division (as of 2022–23).
- Bydgoszcz Archers – American football team playing in Polish Football League, the country's top division.
- Polish Women's Volleyball League, the country's top division.
- Polish Volleyball League, the country's top division.
- KKP Bydgoszcz – women's football team playing in Ekstraliga, the country's top division.
- Chemik Bydgoszcz – men's football team playing in the country's lower league.
- Polonia Bydgoszcz – speedway team, seven-time Polish League champions (lately in 2002) and three-time European Speedway Club Champions' (lately in 2001) and football team, which played in the top tier in the 1950s and 1960s.
- Zawisza Bydgoszcz – football team, which played in the past in the country's top flight, most recently in 2015, currently playing in the lower league.
- RTW Bydgostia Bydgoszcz – Rowing (sport) Bydgostia Regional Rowing Association was founded on 4 December 1928. The club was A Team Polish Champion in the following years: 1938, 1966, 1967, 1970 and for the successive seventeen years from 1993 to 2009.
- Gwiazda Bydgoszcz – men's table tennis team playing in Superliga, the country's top division. The club is also successfully competing in table tennis Europe Cup.
Sports facilities
- Łuczniczka, Show and Fair Arena
- Sisu Arena, a closed indoor arena
- Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak Stadium
- Polonia Stadium
- Hala Torbyd, a closed indoor arena
Sports events
- Athletics
- 2003 European Athletics U23 Championships
- 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics
- 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
- 2013 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
- 2016 World Junior Championships in Athletics
- 2017 European Athletics U23 Championships
- 2019 European Team Championships
- European Athletics Festival Bydgoszcz (annual event part of the European Permit Meetings circuit)
- Speedway
- Grand Prix of Poland: (1998–1999, 2001–2009)
- Grand Prix of Europe: (2000)
- Mieczysław Połukard Criterium of Polish Speedway Leagues Aces (1951–1960, since 1982)
- Team sports
Politics
Bydgoszcz constituency
Members of Polish Sejm 2007–2011 elected from Bydgoszcz constituency:
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Members of
- Zbigniew Pawłowicz, Civic Platform
- Jan Rulewski, Civic Platform
International relations
Twin towns and friendship relations
Twin Towns | ||
City/Town | Country | Year |
---|---|---|
Reggio Emilia |
Italy | 12.04.1962 |
Kragujevac[58] | Serbia | 23.07.1971 |
Mannheim[59] | Germany | 26.11.1991 |
Hartford |
United States | 30.09.1996 |
Pavlodar | Kazakhstan | 10.04.1997 |
Perth | United Kingdom[60] | 9.05.1998 |
Cherkasy | Ukraine | 13.09.2000 |
Kremenchuk | Ukraine | 30.06.2004 |
Patras | Greece | 8.10.2004[61] |
Ningbo | China | 28.12.2005 |
Wilhelmshaven | Germany | 19.04.2006 |
Pitești | Romania | 22.06.2007[62][63] |
Sliven | Bulgaria | 9.09.2019 |
Legends
It is said that Pan Twardowski spent some time in the city of Bydgoszcz, where, in his memory, a figure was recently mounted in a window of a tenement, overseeing the Old Town. At 1:13 p.m. and 9:13 p.m. the window opens and Pan Twardowski appears, to the accompaniment of weird music and devilish laughter. He takes a bow, waves his hand, and then disappears. This little show gathers crowds of amused spectators.
Gallery
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Gdańska Street
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Gdańska Street
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Długa Street
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Dworcowa Street
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Śniadeckich Street
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Main Libraryon the Old Market Square
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Institute of Applied Informatics (Kazimierz the Great University)
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Ralph Modjeski Bridge in Fordon District
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Former headquarters of the
Prussian Eastern Railway -
School of mechanics (secondary education)
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Former Jesuit College (1617), now City Hall
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Bydgoszcz Cathedral's façade
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Bydgoszcz Scientific Society
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Birthplace of Marian Rejewski
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Brda River in the city centre
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Former Polish Royal mint, now a museum
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Sluice gate on Bydgoszcz Canal
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The district court building
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Czerwony Spichlerz - Museum of Contemporary Art in Bydgoszcz
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School of Fine Arts
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Music Club Eljazz
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Nordic Haven apartment block
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Bernardine church
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The University Bridge
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Statue of John of Nepomuk
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The White Granary, seat of the Archeological Museum in Bydgoszcz
Climate
Bydgoszcz has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb).
Climate data for Bydgoszcz (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–1982 and 1992–2015) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 13.0 (55.4) |
14.1 (57.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
31.9 (89.4) |
35.5 (95.9) |
38.3 (100.9) |
37.0 (98.6) |
33.4 (92.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
38.3 (100.9) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
30.6 (87.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.1 (88.0) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
6.9 (44.4) |
14.1 (57.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
12.9 (55.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
2.5 (36.5) |
8.5 (47.3) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.1 (66.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.2 (46.8) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
8.5 (47.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −14.9 (5.2) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.6 (42.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −29.9 (−21.8) |
−26.6 (−15.9) |
−25.4 (−13.7) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−5.1 (22.8) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
2.5 (36.5) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−19.6 (−3.3) |
−24.2 (−11.6) |
−29.9 (−21.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 34.3 (1.35) |
26.3 (1.04) |
36.4 (1.43) |
28.2 (1.11) |
52.8 (2.08) |
56.7 (2.23) |
83.4 (3.28) |
55.6 (2.19) |
48.0 (1.89) |
40.1 (1.58) |
33.6 (1.32) |
36.9 (1.45) |
532.3 (20.95) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 16.0 | 13.4 | 12.9 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 14.2 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 12.7 | 13.7 | 16.9 | 158.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
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86.8 | 86.6 | 81.4 | 71.5 | 69.7 | 71.1 | 73.6 | 75.4 | 81.7 | 86.3 | 90.5 | 89.3 | 80.3 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −4 (25) |
−3 (27) |
−1 (30) |
2 (36) |
7 (45) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
13 (55) |
10 (50) |
6 (43) |
3 (37) |
−1 (30) |
5 (40) |
Source 1: Meteomodel.pl[64][65] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[66] |
People born in Bydgoszcz
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See also
- Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)
- Gdańska Street
- Dworcowa Street
- Theatre square
- Mill Island
- Freedom Square
- Grodzka Street
- Nakielska street
- Cieszkowskiego Street
- Independence Estate (Bydgoszcz)
- Jagiellońska street
- Stary Port Street
- Bernardyńska Street
- Podwale Street
- Długa street
- Adam Mickiewicz Alley
- Ossoliński Alley
- Śniadeckich Street
- Pomorska Street
- Focha Street
- Krasińskiego Street
- Bydgoszcz Synagogue, former synagogue in the city
- Roman Catholic Diocese of Bydgoszcz
- Piastowski Square
- Konarskiego Street
- Piotra Skargi Street
- Kołłątaja street in Bydgoszcz
- Gimnazjalna, Libelta and Szwalbego Streets
- Mikołaja Reja Street
- Swiętej Trojcy street
- Kopernika Street
- Krakowska Street
- Osowa Góra
- Flisy (Bydgoszcz district)
- Glinki (Bydgoszcz district)
Notes
- ^
- Pronunciation:
- British English: /ˈbɪdɡɒʃtʃ/ BID-goshtch[7]
- American English: US: /-ɡɔːʃ(tʃ)/ -gawsh(tch)[8][9][10]
- Polish: Polish pronunciation: [ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ] ⓘ
- German: Bromberg, pronounced [ˈbʁɔmˌbɛʁk] ⓘ
- romanized: Bidgash
- Pronunciation:
References
- ^ a b Team, 3W Design. "Camerimage – International Film Festival". www.camerimage.pl. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Bydgoszcz as "Klein Berlin"". visitbydgoszcz.pl. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ "ul. Cieszkowskiego, Bydgoszcz". inyourpocket.com. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Berlin i "klein Berlin" na jednej pocztówce. Dzieła tych samych architektów w Niemczech i Bydgoszczy". wyborcza.pl. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
- ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 2022-06-02. Data for territorial unit 0461011.
- ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Bydgoszcz". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27.
- ^ "Bydgoszcz". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Bydgoszcz". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Bydgoszcz". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ Wiesław Wydra, Chrestomatia staropolska. Teksty do roku 1543. Wrocław. Ossolineum. 1984. ISBN 83-04-01568-4.
- ^ Brombergum attested e.g. in: [Anon.]: Geographica Globi Terraquei Synopsis [...]. Trnava 1745, p. 278; Laur. Mizlerus de Kolof: Historiarum Poloniae et Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae Scriptorum [...] Collectio Magna [...]. Vol. 2. Warsaw 1769, p. 456; Fran. Math. Stan. Val. Hoefft: De Sanguinis Transfusione. Ph.D. thesis, Berlin 1819, p. 47.
- ^ "Granaries on the Brda – Bydgoszcz, Official Tourism Website, visitbydgoszcz.pl". www.visitbydgoszcz.pl. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ^ "55 new cities join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network on World Cities Day". unesco.org. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
- ISBN 978-3-11-025802-8.
- ^ Ptolemy (150). "Photo Gallery: Ptolemy's Geography". The Mirror - International. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- OCLC 1150533527.
- OCLC 27641385.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Historia Bydgoszczy". Bydgoski Serwis Turystyczny (in Polish). Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter. Volume I, Enke, Erlangen 1863, pp. 403–404 and pp. 976–977.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Historia Bydgoszczy". VisitBydgoszcz.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ Konopczyński, Władysław (1948). Chronologia sejmów polskich 1493–1793 (in Polish). Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. p. 135.
- ^ Ludwig Kühnast: Historische Nachrichten über die Stadt Bromberg – Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zur preußischen Besitznahme. Bromberg Berlin Posen 1837, pp 64–68.
- ^ Ludwig Kühnast (1837), pp. 112–117.
- ^ a b Krzysztof Drozdowski. "Rocznica śmierci Józefa Wybickiego. Razem z generałem Dąbrowskim wyzwalał Bydgoszcz". Tygodnik Bydgoski (in Polish). Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^ August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde. Königsberg 1835, p. 381.
- ^ Baedeker, Karl, Northern Germany, London, 1904, p.163.
- ^ Umiński, Janusz (1998). "Losy internowanych na Pomorzu żołnierzy powstania listopadowego". Jantarowe Szlaki (in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 250. p. 13.
- ^ Umiński, p. 16
- ^ Stefan Pastuszewski. "Bydgoszcz w ręce polskie przeszła pokojowo". Tygodnik Bydgoski (in Polish). Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- ^ "Bydgoszcz niepodległa. Kadry, przedmioty i gmachy XX-lecia". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Retrieved 25 February 2024.
- ISBN 3-447-03997-3.
- ^ Wardzyńska 2009, p. 23.
- ISBN 83-921454-0-2
- ^ a b Wardzyńska 2009, p. 110.
- ^ Wardzyńska 2009, pp. 55, 61–62.
- ^ Wardzyńska 2009, p. 71.
- ^ a b Wardzyńska 2009, p. 102.
- ISSN 1641-9561.
- ^ Wardzyńska 2009, pp. 157–158.
- ^ a b c Wardzyńska 2009, p. 158.
- ^ Wardzyńska 2009, pp. 158–160.
- ^ a b Wardzyńska 2009, p. 160.
- ^ Wardzyńska 2009, pp. 180–182.
- ^ a b "Encyklopedia PWN". Encyklopedia.pwn.pl. Archived from the original on March 24, 2005. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- Biblioteka Jagiellońska. p. 193.
- ^ ISSN 1641-9561.
- ISSN 0557-2177.
- ^ Kozaczyńska, Beata (2020). "Gdy zabrakło łez... Tragizm losu polskich dzieci wysiedlonych z Zamojszczyzny (1942-1943)". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945) (in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. p. 123.
- ^ Chrzanowski 2022, pp. 30, 40–41, 47–48, 57, 62.
- ISSN 0137-5377.
- ^ Chrzanowski 2022, p. 39.
- ^ Chrzanowski 2022, p. 74.
- ^ "Military object found in Polish forest was Russian missile - media". Reuters. 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
- ^ City of Bydgoszcz Municipal website
- ^ "55 new cities join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network on World Cities Day". Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ WSB University in Toruń Archived 2016-03-01 at the Wayback Machine – WSB Universities
- ^ "Kragujevac Twin Cities". ©2009 Information service of Kragujevac City. Archived from the original on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
- ^ "Partner und Freundesstädte". Stadt Mannheim (in German). Retrieved 2013-07-26.
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie". City of Bydgoszcz (in Polish). 18 October 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Perth, Szkocja
- ^ "Διεθνείς Σχέσεις". e-patras.gr. Archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
- ^ "Twinning Agreement". Bydgoszcz City Hall. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ "Pitesti (Rumania)" (in Polish). Oficjalny Serwis Bydgoszczy. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
- ^ "Średnie i sumy miesięczne" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ "Średnie i sumy miesięczne" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
- ^ "Climate & Weather Averages in Bydgoszcz". Time and Date. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
External links
- Bydgoszcz.pl homepage (Polish)
- Visit Bydgoszcz.pl homepage (Polish, English)
- Municipal website (in English)
Bibliography
- Chrzanowski, Bogdan (2022). Polskie Państwo Podziemne na Pomorzu w latach 1939–1945 (in Polish). Gdańsk: ISBN 978-83-8229-411-8.
- Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN.
Further reading
- Ludwig Kühnast: Historische Nachrichten über die Stadt Bromberg – Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zur preußischen Besitznahme (Historical news about the town of Bromberg – From the town's founding to the Prussian occupation). Bromberg Berlin Posen 1837 (Online) (in German).