Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of Peace and Exchange of War Prisoners with Turkey Signed at Lausanne
Lozan'da Türkiye ile Barış ve Savaş Esirlerinin Değişimi üzerine İmzalanan Antlaşma | |
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Italy and Japan, the treaty would come into force for those "high contracting parties" and thereafter for each additional signatory upon deposit of ratification | |
Parties |
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Depositary | French Republic |
Language | English and French |
Full text | |
Treaty of Lausanne at Wikisource |
The Treaty of Lausanne (
Turkey ratified the treaty on 23 August 1923,[7][8] and all other signatories did so by 16 July 1924.[9] It officially took effect on 6 August 1924, when the instruments of ratification were deposited in Paris.[5]
Additionally, a declaration of amnesty was issued, granting immunity for crimes committed between 1914 and 1922. Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser asserts that "Lausanne tacitly endorsed comprehensive policies of expulsion and extermination of hetero-ethnic and hetero-religious groups".[10]
Background
After the withdrawal of the Greek forces in
Negotiations were undertaken during the
Stipulations
The treaty was composed of 143 articles with major sections including:[13]
Parts |
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Convention on the Turkish Straits
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Trade (abolition of capitulations) – Article 28 provided: "Each of the High Contracting Parties hereby accepts, in so far as it is concerned, the complete abolition of the Capitulations in Turkey in every respect."[14] |
Agreements |
Binding letters |
The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the
Summary of contents of treaty
Parts | Sections |
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Preamble | |
Part I | Political Clauses |
Part II | Financial Clauses |
Part III. | Economic clauses |
Part IV | Communications and Sanitary Questions |
Part V. | Miscellaneous Provisions |
Part IV. | Convention respecting conditions of Residence and Business and Jurisdiction |
Part V | Commercial Convention |
Part VI | Convention concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations |
Part VII | Agreement between Greece and Turkey respecting the reciprocal restitution of interned civilians and the exchange of prisoners of war |
Part VIII | Declaration relating to the Amnesty |
Part IX | Declaration relating to Muslim properties in Greece |
Part X | Declaration relating to sanitary matters in Turkey; |
Part XI | Declaration relating to the administration of justice in Turkey; |
Part XII | Protocol relation to certain concessions granted in the Ottoman Empire |
Part XIII | Protocol relating to the accession of Belgium and Portugal to contain provisions and instruments signed at Lausanne |
Part XIV | Protocol relating to the evacuation of the Turkish territory occupied by the British, French and Italian forces |
Part XV | Protocol relative to the Karagatch territory and the Islands of Imbros and Tenedos |
Part XVI | Protocol relative to the Treaty concluded at Sèvres between the principal Allied Powers and Greece on 10 August 1920, concerning the protection of minorities in Greece, and the Treaty concluded on the same day between the same Powers relating to Thrace. |
Part XVII | Protocol relating to signature by the Serb-Croat-Slovene State |
Borders
The treaty delimited the boundaries of
The major issue of the war reparations, demanded from Greece by Turkey, was abandoned after Greece agreed to cede Karaağaç to Turkey.
Turkey also formally ceded all claims on the
The territories to the south of Syria and Iraq on the
By Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey officially ceded Adakale Island in the Danube River to Romania by formally recognizing the related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon of 1920.[5][20] Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey also renounced its privileges in
Agreements
Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, the Chester concession. In the United States, the treaty was opposed by several groups, including the Committee Opposed to the Lausanne Treaty (COLT), and on 18 January 1927, the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty by a vote of 50–34, six votes short of the two-thirds required by the Constitution.[24] Consequently, Turkey annulled the concession.[13]
Besides, Turkey was obliged to instate four European advisors on juridical matters for five years.[25] The advisors were to observe a juridical reform in Turkey. The advisors contract could be renewed if the suggested reforms would not have taken place.[25] Subsequently, Turkey worked on and announced a new Turkish constitution and reformed the Turkish justice system by including the Swiss Civil code, the Italian criminal law and the German Commercial law before completion of the five years in question.[25]
Declaration of Amnesty
Annex VIII to the treaty, called "Declaration of Amnesty", granted immunity to the perpetrators of any crimes "connected to political events" committed between 1914 and 1922.
Legacy
The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new
For Greece, the treaty brought to an end the impetus behind the Megali Idea, the notion that modern Greece should encompass those territories in Asia Minor which had been populated with Greek speakers for up to 3000 years and which also formed the core of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Historian Norman Naimark states, "The Lausanne Treaty served as a pivotal international precedent for transferring populations against their will throughout the twentieth century."[35]
Historian Ronald Grigor Suny states that the treaty "essentially confirmed the effectiveness of deportations or even murderous ethnic cleansing as a potential solution to population problems".[36]
Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser states, "Lausanne tacitly endorsed comprehensive policies of expulsion and extermination of hetero-ethnic and hetero-religious groups, with fatal attraction for German revisionists and many other nationalists".[10]
Conspiracy theories
The Treaty of Lausanne has given rise to a number of conspiracy theories in Turkey. It has been claimed that the treaty was signed to be effective for a century and there are "secret articles" in the treaty regarding Turkey's mining of natural resources. One conspiracy theory that had following in the 2010s held that the treaty would expire in 2023 and Turkey would be allowed to mine boron and petroleum.[37]
See also
- Outline and timeline of the Greek genocide
- Aftermath of World War I
- Greek refugees
- Minority Treaties
- Muslim minority of Greece
- Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
- San Remo conference
- Treaty of Lausanne Monument and Museum in Karaağaç, Edirne, Turkey
- Turks of the Dodecanese
- Turks of Western Thrace
- Conspiracy theories in Turkey
Further reading
- Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2023). When Democracy Died: The Middle East's Enduring Peace of Lausanne. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316516423.
- Tusan, Michelle (2023). The Last Treaty: Lausanne and the End of the First World War in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press.
- Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "The Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat’s Assassination," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 59: No. 3, Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4
Notes and references
- ^ https://vidy-archives.lausanne.ch/uploads/r/archives-de-la-ville-de-lausanne/e/3/3/e337dc8394f8b9d486a585c9cb97e3e62527a392d1d6bf51d8fc346fd4f13edd/AVL_ADM_B1_224_10_2_89_9.pdf (consulté le 22.07.23)
- ^ "Palais de Rumine". www.lonelyplanet.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- ^ "Palais de Rumine & Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts". MySwitzerland.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 24 July 1923, archived from the original on 12 January 2013, retrieved 28 November 2012
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Armistice of Mudanya". Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ Martin Lawrence (1924). Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923. Vol. I. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. lxxvii.
- ^ "League of Nations, Official Journal". 4. October 1924: 1292.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Hansard, House of Commons Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 16 July 1924.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-136-87060-6. Archivedfrom the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- JSTOR 25597401.
- ^ Morgenthau, Henry, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, (Detroit: Wayne State University, 2003), 303.
- ^ ISBN 1-58567-334-X.
- ^ In addition to Turkey, the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were parties to the Treaty.
- ^ The Greek minority of Turkey Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Hellenic Resources Network
- ^ Öksüz, Hikmet (2004), The Reasons for Immigration from Western Thrace to Turkey (1923–1950) (PDF), Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, p. 255
- ^ "Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912". Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- ISBN 1400874610, p. 69
- ^ "Treaty Summary". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
- ^ a b "Adakale Island in River Danube". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
- (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
- ^ "Arabia (Yemen–Hejaz) Front Side". www.osmanli700.gen.tr. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- ^ "ARABİSTAN CEPHESİ – Osmanlı Web Sitesi – FORSNET". www.osmanli700.gen.tr. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
- .
- ^ a b c Liebisch-Gümüş, Carolin (6 July 2020). p. 257
- ^ The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 18., No. 2, Supplement:Official Documents (Apr. 1924), pp. 92–95.
- from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
Initially, the Allied Powers sought the prosecution of those responsible for the massacres. The Treaty of Sevres, which was signed on August 10, 1920, would have required the Turkish Government to hand over those responsible to the Allied Powers for trial. Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Sevres], art. 230, at 235, Aug. 10, 1920, reprinted in 15 AM. J. INT'L L. 179 (Supp 1921). "The Treaty of Sevres was, however, not ratified and did not come into force. It was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne, which not only did not contain provisions respecting the punishment of war crimes, but was accompanied by a 'Declaration of Amnesty' of all offenses committed between 1914 and 1922." Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Lausanne], July 24, 1923, League of Nations Treaty Series 11, reprinted in 18 AM. J. INT'L L. 1 (Supp. 1924). 99.
- ISBN 978-3-319-78169-3. Archivedfrom the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
- ISBN 978-3-319-78169-3.
- ^ from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
After expunging all references to Armenian massacres (and, indeed, to Armenia itself) from the draft version, they signed the Lausanne Peace Treaty, thus helping to codify impunity by ignoring the Armenian genocide. The international law flowing from this treaty, while a sham in reality, lent an aura of respectability to impunity because the imprimatur of a peace conference was attached to it. A French jurist observed that the treaty was an "assurance" for impunity for the crime of massacre; indeed, it was a "glorification" of the crime in which an entire race, the Armenians, was "systematically exterminated." For his part, David Lloyd George, wartime Prime Minister of Great Britain, found it appropriate to vent his ire when he was out of power: He declared the Western Allies' conduct at the Lausanne Conference to be "abject, cowardly and infamous." A creature of political deal-making, the Lausanne Treaty was a triumph of the principle of impunity over the principle of retributive justice.
- ISBN 978-0-300-15260-9.
- ISBN 978-3-11-064341-1. Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Zürcher Erik Jan. Turkey: a Modern History. 4th ed. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. p. 163
- ISBN 978-1-317-53386-3. Archivedfrom the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
- ^ "Ethnic Cleansing | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche". ethnic-cleansing-0.html (in French). 16 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-6558-1.
- Lay summary in: Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015). "Armenian Genocide". 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- ^ Danforth, Nick (2 October 2014). "Notes on a Turkish Conspiracy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2023.