Tropical parula
Tropical parula | |
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In Brazil. | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Parulidae |
Genus: | Setophaga |
Species: | S. pitiayumi
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Binomial name | |
Setophaga pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817)
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Range of S. pitiayumi Breeding range Year-round range
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Synonyms | |
Setophaga americana pitiayumi |
The tropical parula (Setophaga pitiayumi) is a small
This
Description
It is 4.3 in (11 cm) long and has mainly blue-grey upperparts, with a greenish back patch and two white wing bars. The underparts are yellow, becoming orange on the breast. The male has a black patch from the bill to behind the eye.
Females are slightly duller than males and lack black on the head. The immature tropical parula is dull-plumaged, lacks the wing bars, and has a grey band on the breast.
The song is a high buzzy trill, and the call is a sharp tsit.
The tropical parula has about 14 subspecies, with a wide range of plumage tones. S. p. graysoni, is endemic to Socorro in the Revillagigedo Islands.[3] Some subspecies (especially insular ones) are occasionally considered separate species.
Setophaga pitiayumi has occasionally been lumped with the closely related
In addition, a partially
Ecology
The tropical parula is a species mainly of hills and
S. p. graysoni mostly keeps to low woody vegetation, typically Croton masonii shrubs, a few feet (some 1–1.5 meters) above ground; they are more terrestrial than other subspecies of the tropical parula and often can be seen hopping on the ground – though probably less so where feral cats are abundant.[3]
These birds feed on
The tropical parula nests in clumps of epiphytes (especially Spanish moss, Tillandsia usneoides) in a tree, laying usually two eggs in a scantily lined domed nest. Incubation is 12–14 days, mainly by the female. On Socorro Island, the breeding season is probably in the summer months, and by November, the young appear to have fledged.[3]
Gallery
References
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2012). Parula pitiayumi. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
- ^ Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo & Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006). "Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador" [New records for the avifauna of El Salvador] (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología (in Spanish and English). 16 (2): 1–19.
- ^ JSTOR 1364977.
- ^ Hosner, Peter A. & Lebbin, Daniel J. (2006). "Observations of plumage pigment aberrations of birds in Ecuador, including Ramphastidae" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología. 16 (1): 30–42.
- ^ Salaman, Paul G.W.; Stiles, F. Gary; Bohórquez, Clara Isabel; Álvarez-R., Mauricio; Umaña, Ana María; Donegan, Thomas M. & Cuervo, Andrés M. (2002). "New and noteworthy bird records from the east slope of the Andes of Colombia" (PDF). Caldasia. 24 (1): 157–189. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-21.
- .
- ^ Olson, Storrs L. & Alvarenga, Herculano M. F. (2006). "An extraordinary feeding assemblage of birds at a termite swarm in the Serra da Mantiqueira, São Paulo, Brazil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 14 (3): 297–299. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-17.
Further reading
- Curson, Jon; Quinn, David & Beadle David (1994): New World Warblers. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6
- ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton & Eckelberry, Don R. (1991): A guide to the birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd edition). Comstock Publishing, Ithaca, N.Y. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2
- Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
External links
- Parula pitiayumi: Vocalizations from "Avifauna of the Interior of Ceará, Brasil"