Type 35 torpedo boat

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Right elevation and plan of the Type 1935
Class overview
Operators
Preceded byType 24 torpedo boat
Succeeded byType 37 torpedo boat
Built1938–1940
In commission1939–1957
Completed12
Lost8
Scrapped4
General characteristics (as built)
TypeTorpedo boat
Displacement
Length84.3 m (276 ft 7 in) o/a
Beam8.62 m (28 ft 3 in)
Draft2.83 m (9 ft 3 in)
Installed power
  • 4 ×
    water-tube boilers
  • 31,000 
    kW
    )
Propulsion2 × shafts; 2 × geared steam turbines
Speed35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph)
Range1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Complement119
Armament

The Type 35 torpedo boat was a

minefields in the North Sea and English Channel in July. Most of the boats were transferred to Norway in November where they made an unsuccessful attempt to attack shipping along the Scottish
coast that saw one boat sunk.

They were all refitted in early 1941 and nearly half the class was deployed afterwards in the

commerce raiders passing through the Channel in late 1941 and were part of the escort for a pair of battleships and a heavy cruiser through the Channel back to Germany in the Channel Dash
in early 1942. Two boats were the first to be assigned to the Torpedo School in mid-year and they were followed by all the others over the rest of the year and 1943. A pair of boats were sent to France in mid-1942 and were part of the escort during an unsuccessful attempt to pass one of the earlier commerce raiders back through the Channel in October.

In early 1943 three boats returned to France where they were twice unsuccessful in escorting an Italian

scuttled
during the 1950s.

Design and description

The 1930

M. J. Whitley deemed "the whole concept, with the benefit of hindsight, must be considered a gross waste of men and materials, for these torpedo boats were rarely employed in their designed role."[1]

The boats had an

head sea until the bow was rebuilt.[2] The crew numbered 119 officers and sailors.[4]

The Type 35s had two sets of Wagner geared

kW) for a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The boats carried a maximum of 191 metric tons (188 long tons) of fuel oil which gave a range of 1,200 nautical miles (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) at 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph).[5]

Armament

As built, the Type 35 class mounted a single 42-caliber 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK C/32[Note 1] gun on the stern. Its mount had a range of elevation from -10° to +50° and the gun fired 15.1-kilogram (33 lb) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 785 m/s (2,580 ft/s). It had a range of 15,175 meters (16,596 yd) at an elevation of +44.4°.[7]

Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a single 80-caliber

bridge wings. The gun had an effective rate of fire of about 120 rounds per minute. Its 0.12-kilogram (0.26 lb) projectiles were fired at a muzzle velocity of 875 m/s (2,870 ft/s) which gave it a ceiling of 3,700 meters (12,100 ft) and a maximum horizontal range of 4,800 meters (5,200 yd).[9] Each boat carried 2,000 rounds per gun.[2]

The boats were also equipped with six above-water 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes in two triple rotating mounts and could also carry 30 mines (or 60 if the weather was good). The boats used the G7a torpedo which had a 300-kilogram (660 lb) warhead and three speed/range settings: 14,000 meters (15,000 yd) at 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph); 8,000 meters (8,700 yd) at 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph) and 6,000 meters (6,600 yd) at 44 knots (81 km/h; 51 mph).[10]

Many boats exchanged the 3.7 cm gun for another 2 cm gun,

minesweeping paravanes before completion. Late-war additions were limited to the installation of radar, radar detectors and additional AA guns.[11] As late as April 1944, T1, T2, T3, and T4 lacked radar and had not had their anti-aircraft suite significantly augmented.[12]

Ships

Construction data
Ship Builder[13]
Laid down[13]
 Launched[13] Commissioned[13] Fate[14]
T1
Elbing
 14 November 1936 17 February 1938 1 December 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 10 April 1945
T2 7 April 1938 2 December 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 29 July 1944
T3 23 June 1938 3 February 1940 Sunk by aircraft, 19 September 1940, but raised and repaired. Sunk by mines, 14 March 1945
T4 29 December 1936 15 September 1938 27 May 1940 Transferred to US, 1945, then Denmark, 1948; scrapped, 1951
T5
Deschimag, Bremen
 30 December 1936 22 November 1937 23 January 1940 Sunk by mines, 14 March 1945
T6 3 January 1937 16 December 1937 30 April 1940 Sunk by mines, 7 November 1940
T7 20 August 1937 18 June 1938 20 December 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 29 July 1944
T8 28 August 1937 10 August 1938 8 October 1939 Sunk by aircraft, 3 May 1945[15]
T9 Schichau 24 November 1936 3 November 1938 4 July 1940
T10 19 January 1939 5 August 1940 Sunk by aircraft, 19 December 1944
T11 Deschimag 1 July 1938 1 March 1939 24 May 1940 Transferred to UK, 1946, then France; scrapped, 1951
T12 20 August 1938 12 April 1939 3 July 1940 Transferred to USSR, 1946; converted into a test ship and
scuttled, 1959[16]

Service

Although the first few boats were completed at the end of 1939, maintenance problems with the boilers and modifications to the

Straits of Dover. T12 was transferred to Norway for convoy escort duties in September. T2 was damaged by British bombers on 9 September and returned to Germany for repairs. T3 was sunk by British bombers nine days later, although she was refloated in 1941 and towed back to Germany. By November the 1st and 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotillas with T1, T4, T6, T7, T8, T9 and T10 between them had transferred to Stavanger, Norway. On 6 November they departed in an attempt to attack two coastal convoys that had been spotted off the Scottish coast, but they ran into a British minefield that sank T6 and they returned to port after recovering the survivors. T11 remained in France until December when she began a lengthy refit in Germany. All of her sisters began their own refits between January and March 1941.[17]

After completing their refits, T2, T5, T8 and T11 supported German forces invading the

Red Banner Baltic Fleet to breakout from the Gulf of Finland. T1, T8, T9 and T10 were reduced to reserve at some point during the year to alleviate manpower shortages. In November, T4, T7 and T12 successfully escorted the commerce raider Komet through the Channel and into the Atlantic despite an attack by British motor torpedo boats (MTBs). The following month T2, T4, T7, T12 and the torpedo boat T14 successfully did the same for the commerce raider Thor although the British failed to react.[18]

On the morning of 12 February 1942, the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla (with T2, T4, T5, T11 and T12) rendezvoused with the battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen to help escort them through the Channel to Germany in the Channel Dash. After their arrival, T4, T5, T11 and T12 were transferred to Norway for escort duties and were joined by T7 in April while T2 was reduced to reserve, followed by T11. T1 and T8 were reactivated and assigned to the Torpedo School as training ships in mid-1942. T4 returned to France in June, followed shortly afterwards by T10, and were assigned to 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotilla. The flotilla made an unsuccessful attempt to escort Komet through the Channel in October. They were intercepted by a British force of five escort destroyers and eight MTBs that sank the raider and severely damaged T10 which subsequently returned home and was paid off into reserve. T7 was briefly put in reserve in October before being assigned to the Torpedo School in January 1943.[19]

T4 and T10 returned to Germany in January and then joined T1, T7, T8 and T11 in the Torpedo School. T2 was activated and joined T9 and T12 in France in March 1943 while T5 arrived there that same month. T2, T9 and T12, all assigned to the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla, were some of the escorts in late March for the Italian blockade runner, Himalaya, in her attempt to breakout through the Bay of Biscay, but the Italian ship turned back when she was spotted by a British reconnaissance aircraft. Another attempt was made several weeks later, but failed when she was spotted by British aircraft and forced to return by heavy aerial attacks. T9 and T12 sailed to Germany in May for a refit and were then assigned to the Torpedo School while T2 was transferred to the Baltic in July and was assigned to the Torpedo School in October together with T5. T3 completed her repairs in December and was then assigned to the Torpedo School.[20]

Beginning in March 1944, the boats began to return to active duty with the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla escorting ships in the Baltic and supporting Axis forces against advancing Soviet troops. T8 and T10, together with the torpedo boat

floating drydock when the British bombed the port on 18 December. The drydock was badly damaged and several bombs landed between the drydock's walls and T10's hull, blowing large holes in the latter and she sank the following day.[21]

T1 and T12 were among the escorts for Prinz Eugen as she supported a German counterattack against advancing Soviet forces near

scuttled in shallow water in 1959. In mid-1991, the radioactively contaminated wreck was raised and towed to a different location, where it was scuttled in deeper water.[23][24]

Notes

  1. ^ In Kriegsmarine gun nomenclature, SK stands for Schiffskanone (ship's gun), C/32 stands for Constructionjahr (construction year) 1932.[6]

Citations

  1. ^ Whitley 1991, pp. 48–49
  2. ^ a b c d Gröner, p. 193
  3. ^ Whitley 1991, pp. 49, 202
  4. ^ Sieche, p. 237
  5. ^ Whitley 1991, p. 202
  6. ^ Campbell, p. 219
  7. ^ Campbell, p. 246
  8. ^ Campbell, p. 256
  9. ^ Campbell, p. 258
  10. ^ Campbell, p. 263
  11. ^ Whitley 1991, pp. 49–51; Whitley 2000, p. 71
  12. ^ Whitley n.d., p. 21
  13. ^ a b c d Whitley 1991, pp. 209–210
  14. ^ Whitley 2000, p. 70
  15. ^ Rohwer, p. 414
  16. ^ Sources differ on the boat's fate. Possibly served until stricken in 1957 and then scrapped or served until the 1960s and scuttled, 1991
  17. ^ Gröner, p. 194; Rohwer, pp. 35–36, 38–41; Whitley 1991, pp. 109, 114, 209–210
  18. ^ Rohwer, pp. 99, 102, 108; Whitley 1991, pp. 116–117, 209–210
  19. ^ Rohwer, pp. 143, 181, 202; Whitley 1991, pp. 118, 121, 209–210
  20. ^ Rohwer, pp. 143, 188, 241, 249; Whitley 1991, pp. 118, 168, 188, 209–210
  21. ^ Rohwer, pp. 338, 343, 374, 387, 414; Whitley 1991, pp. 117, 168, 173, 180, 209
  22. ^ Roche, p. 76; Rohwer, pp. 387, 398, 408, 414; Whitley 1991, pp. 168, 173, 180, 188–189, 191, 199, 209–210
  23. ^ Berezhnoy, pp. 18–19
  24. ^ Tarasov, Oleg (10–12 April 1991). "Чёрная быль Ладоги" [The Dark Past of Ladoga]. Leningradskaya Pravda (in Russian). Retrieved 14 September 2018.

References

External links
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