Typhoon Tip

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This article is about the 1979 typhoon. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Tip and List of storms named Warling.

Typhoon Tip (Warling)
Korean Peninsula, Japan, Northeast China, Russian Far East, Alaska
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1979 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Tip, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Warling, was the largest and most intense

landfall in southern Japan on October 19, and became an extratropical cyclone shortly thereafter. Tip's extratropical remnants continued moving east-northeastward, until they dissipated near the Aleutian Islands
on October 24.

U.S. Air Force aircraft flew 60 weather reconnaissance missions into the typhoon, making Tip one of the most closely observed tropical cyclones.[1] Rainfall from Tip indirectly led to a fire that killed 13 Marines and injured 68 at Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji in the Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan.[2] Elsewhere in the country, the typhoon caused widespread flooding and 42 deaths; offshore shipwrecks left 44 people killed or missing.

Meteorological history

Satellite image of the path of the typhoon. It starts in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines, arcs through Japan, and ends near the Aleutian Islands.
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At the end of September 1979, three circulations developed within the

reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system late on October 4 confirmed the existence of a closed low-level circulation, and early on October 5, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued its first warning on Tropical Depression Twenty-Three-W.[1]

Global satellite image of Typhoon Tip near peak strength, and Typhoon Sarah heading toward Vietnam

While executing another loop near Chuuk, the tropical depression intensified into Tropical Storm Tip, though the storm failed to organize significantly due to the influence of Tropical Storm Roger. Reconnaissance aircraft provided the track of the surface circulation, since satellite imagery estimated the center was about 60 km (37 mi) from its true position. After drifting erratically for several days, Tip began a steady northwest motion on October 8. By that time, Tropical Storm Roger had become an

landfall on Guam, though instead, it turned to the west early on October 9, passing about 45 km (28 mi) south of Guam. Later that day, Tip intensified to attain typhoon status.[1]

Owing to very favorable conditions for development, Typhoon Tip

PAGASA to issue warnings on Typhoon Tip, assigning it the local name Warling.[1][5]

After peaking in intensity, Tip weakened to 230 km/h (145 mph) and remained at that intensity for several days, as it continued west-northwestward. For five days after its peak strength, the average radius of winds stronger than 55 km/h (35 mph) extended over 1,100 km (684 mi). On October 17, Tip began to weaken steadily and decrease in size, recurving northeastward under the influence of a mid-level

Honshū with winds of about 130 km/h (80 mph) on October 19. It continued rapidly northeastward through the country and became an extratropical cyclone over northern Honshū a few hours after moving ashore.[1] The extratropical remnant of Tip proceeded east-northeastward and gradually weakened, crossing the International Date Line on October 22. The storm was last observed near the Aleutian Islands of Alaska on October 24.[4]

Impact

Most intense Pacific typhoons
Typhoon Season Pressure
hPa inHg
1 Tip 1979 870 25.7
2
June
 1975 875 25.8
Nora 1973
4 Forrest 1983 876[6] 25.9
5 Ida 1958 877 25.9
6 Rita 1978 878 26.0
7 Kit 1966 880 26.0
Vanessa 1984
9 Nancy 1961 882 26.4
10
Irma
 1971 884 26.1
11
Nina
 1953 885 26.1
Joan 1959
Megi 2010
Source: JMA Typhoon Best Track Analysis
Information for the North Western Pacific Ocean.[7]

The typhoon produced heavy rainfall early in its lifetime while passing near Guam, including a total of 23.1 cm (9.1 in) at

Agana. Tip caused a total loss of nearly US$1.6 million across Guam.[8] The outer rainbands of the large circulation of Tip produced moderate rainfall in the mountainous regions of the Philippine islands of Luzon and Visayas.[9]

Heavy rainfall from the typhoon breached a flood-retaining wall at

Yokosuka.[10] Marines inside the camp weathered the storm inside huts situated at the base of a hill which housed a fuel farm. The breach led to hoses being dislodged from two rubber storage bladders, releasing large quantities of fuel. The fuel flowed down the hill and was ignited by a heater used to warm one of the huts.[11][12][13] The resultant fire killed 13 Marines, injured 68,[1] and caused moderate damage to the facility. The facility's barracks were destroyed,[10] along with fifteen huts and several other structures.[11][14] The barracks were rebuilt,[10] and a memorial was established for those who lost their lives in the fire.[11]

During recurvature, Typhoon Tip passed about 65 km (40 mi) east of

mudslides throughout the mountainous regions of Japan and flooded more than 22,000 homes; 42 people died throughout the country, with another 71 missing and 283 injured.[9] River embankments broke in 70 places, destroying 27 bridges, while about 105 dikes were destroyed. Following the storm, at least 11,000 people were left homeless. Tip destroyed apple, rice, peach and other crops. Five ships sank in heavy seas off the coast and 50-story buildings swayed in the capital, Tokyo.[15][16] Transportation in the country was disrupted; 200 trains and 160 domestic flights were canceled.[17] In total, damages associated with Tip in Japan were estimated as ¥105.7 billion (US$482.34 million).[18] Tip was described as the most severe storm to strike Japan in 13 years.[19]

Records and meteorological statistics

Depictions of Typhoon Tip and Cyclone Tracy (one of the smallest tropical cyclones ever recorded) superimposed on a map of the United States.

Typhoon Tip was the largest tropical cyclone on record, with a diameter of 1,380 mi (2,220 km)—almost double the previous record of 700 mi (1,130 km) in diameter set by Typhoon Marge in August 1951.[20][21][22] At its largest, Tip was nearly half the size of the contiguous United States.[23] The temperature inside the eye of Typhoon Tip at peak intensity was 30 °C (86 °F) and described as exceptionally high.[1] With 10-minute sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h), Typhoon Tip is the strongest cyclone in the complete tropical cyclone listing by the Japan Meteorological Agency.[4]

The typhoon was also the most intense tropical cyclone on record, with a pressure of 870 mbar (25.69 inHg), 5 mbar (0.15 inHg) lower than the previous record set by

Angela in 1995 and Gay in 1992, registered higher Dvorak numbers than Tip, and concluded that one or both of the two may have therefore been more intense.[26] Other recent storms may have also been more intense than Tip at its peak; for instance, satellite-derived intensity estimates for Typhoon Haiyan of 2013 indicated that its core pressure may have been as low as 858 mbar (25.34 inHg).[27] Due to the dearth of direct observations and Hurricane hunters into these cyclones, conclusive data is lacking.[26] In October 2015, Hurricane Patricia reached an estimated peak intensity of 872 millibars (25.8 inHg), with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 345 km/h (215 mph), making Patricia the second-most intense tropical cyclone recorded worldwide. However, the NHC noted in their report on the cyclone that Patricia may have surpassed Tip at the time of its peak intensity, as it was undergoing rapid intensification; however, due to the lack of direct aircraft observations at the time of the storm's peak, this possibility cannot be determined.[28]

Despite the typhoon's intensity and damage, the name Tip was not retired and was reused in 1983, 1986, and 1989.[4] The name was discontinued from further use in 1989, when the JTWC changed their naming list.[29]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ All wind speeds in the article are maximum sustained winds sustained for one minute, unless otherwise noted.

References

  1. ^
    ISSN 1520-0493
    .
  2. ^ Little, Vince (2007-10-19). "Marines recall 1979 fire at Camp Fuji that claimed 13 lives". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2016-07-25.
  3. ^ "1979 ATCR TABLE OF CONTENTS". Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1978. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2021-05-12.
  4. ^ a b c d Japan Meteorological Agency (2010-01-12). "Best Track for Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones". Archived from the original (TXT) on 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
  5. ^ "The speediest and deadliest cyclones in the world". Financial Express. 14 June 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  6. ^ "World Tropical Cyclone Records". World Meteorological Organization. Arizona State University. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
  7. ^ Japan Meteorological Agency. "RSMC Best Track Data (Text)" (TXT).
  8. ^ Tropical Cyclones Affecting Guam (1671-1990) (PDF) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  9. ^
    ISSN 0025-3367. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-24. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  10. ^ a b c "History of the U.S. Naval Mobile Construction Battalion FOUR". U.S. Naval Construction Force. 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  11. ^ a b c "Camp Fuji Fire Memorial". United States Marine Corps. 2006-08-03. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  12. ^ "Second U.S. Marine Dies In Typhoon-Caused Fire". The Washington Post. 1979-10-20.
  13. ^ "Marine Killed in Japanese Typhooe [sic]". The Washington Post. 1979-10-20.
  14. Palm Beach Post. 1979-10-20.[permanent dead link
    ]
  15. ^ "25 are killed as Typhoon Tip crosses Japan". The Globe and Mail. Reuters. 1979-10-20.
  16. ^ "International News". Associated Press. 1979-10-19.
  17. ^ "International News". Associated Press. 1979-10-18.
  18. ^ "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon 197920 (TIP) - Disaster Information". Digital Typhoon Disaster Database. National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  19. ^ "International News". Associated Press. 1979-10-22.
  20. ^ National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters (2010-01-05). "Tropical Cyclone Structure". JetStream - Online School for Weather: Tropical Weather. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-12-07. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
  21. ISBN 978-0-312-37152-4. Archived
    from the original on 2015-03-22. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  22. ^ Steve Stone (2005-09-22). "Rare Category 5 hurricane is history in the making". The Virginia Pilot. Archived from the original on 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  23. ^ M. Ragheb (2011-09-25). "Natural Disasters and Man made Accidents" (PDF). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  24. ISBN 978-0-8078-3068-0
    .
  25. ^ National Weather Service (2005). "Super Typhoon Tip". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved 2014-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  26. ^ a b Karl Hoarau; Gary Padgett; Jean-Paul Hoarau (2004). Have there been any typhoons stronger than Super Typhoon Tip? (PDF). 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology. Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
  27. ^ Satellite Services Division (2013). "Typhoon 31W". National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  28. ^ Todd B. Kimberlain; Eric S. Blake; John P. Cangialosi (February 1, 2016). Hurricane Patricia (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  29. ^ Robert J. Plante; Charles P. Guard (6 July 1990). 1989 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Retrieved 2 May 2021.

External links

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