United States Fish Commission

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United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries
Commission of Fish and Fisheries (1871–1903)
Bureau of Fisheries (1903–1940)
Flag of the United States Bureau of Fisheries
Agency overview
FormedFebruary 9, 1871; 153 years ago (1871-02-09)
DissolvedJune 30, 1940; 83 years ago (1940-06-30)
Superseding agency
JurisdictionUnited States federal government
Parent agencyU.S. Department of Commerce and Labor (1903–1913)
U.S. Department of Commerce (1913–1939)
U.S. Department of the Interior (1939–1940)

The United States Fish Commission,

United States government created in 1871 to investigate, promote, and preserve the fisheries of the United States. In 1903, it was reorganized as the United States Bureau of Fisheries, sometimes referred to as the United States Fisheries Service, which operated until 1940. In 1940, the Bureau of Fisheries was abolished when its personnel and facilities became part of the newly created Fish and Wildlife Service, under the United States Department of the Interior
.

Organizational history

U.S. Fish Commission (1871–1903)

By the 1860s, increasing human pressure on the fish and game resources of the

US$5,000, it began operations in 1871, organized to engage in scientific, statistical, and economic investigations of U.S. fisheries to study the "decrease of the food fishes of the seacoasts and to suggest remedial measures."[4]

An expansion of the Fish Commission's mission followed quickly, when insistence by the

Spencer F. Baird,[1] then George Brown Goode, Marshall McDonald, John J. Brice, and finally George M. Bowers
.

U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (1903–1940)

By an Act of Congress of February 14, 1903, the U.S. Fish Commission became part of the newly created United States Department of Commerce and Labor and was reorganized as the United States Bureau of Fisheries, with both the transfer and the name change effective on July 1, 1903.[4][6] In 1913, the Department of Commerce and Labor was divided into the United States Department of Commerce and the United States Department of Labor, and the Bureau of Fisheries became part of the new Department of Commerce.[4][7] Bowers led the Bureau of Fisheries, followed by Hugh McCormick Smith, Henry O'Malley, and finally Frank T. Bell.

In 1939, the Bureau of Fisheries was transferred to the United States Department of the Interior,[4][8][9] and on June 30, 1940, it merged with the Interior Department's Bureau of Biological Survey to form the new Fish and Wildlife Service, an element of the Interior Department.[8][10]

Successor organizations

In 1956, the Fish and Wildlife Service was reorganized as the

unified NOAA fleet
. The NMFS is considered the modern-day successor to the U.S. Fish Commission and U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, and the NOAA fleet of today also traces its history in part to them.

Activities

The U.S. Fish Commission and U.S. Bureau of Fisheries carried out extensive investigations of the fishes,

Aleut communities of the Pribilofs. Both the Fish Commission and the Bureau of Fisheries operated a fleet of ships and boats for research, law enforcement
, and transportation purposes.

Research and publications

From 1871 to 1903, the commission's Annual Report to Congress detailed its efforts and findings in all of these areas.

naturalists and fish researchers around the United States and in other countries, and descriptions of the commission's exploratory cruises and fish hatchery efforts. Beginning in 1884, the Commission published the seminal work The Fisheries and Fisheries Industries of the United States.[17] The commission's research stations and surveys collected significant data on U.S. fish and fishing grounds, with considerable material going to the Smithsonian Institution.[1]

The Bureau of Fisheries carried on the Fish Commission's research work, its scientists and researchers pioneering such concepts as fisheries oceanography[18] and fishery products utilization research[19] and publishing a wide variety of research results in the Bureau's Fisheries Service Bulletin — published monthly from June 1915[20][21] until December 1940[21] — as well as a Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries series, an Investigational Reports of the Bureau of Fisheries series, an Administrative Reports series, Economic Circulars, Fishery Circulars, an annual Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries published from 1931 to 1939, and other documents.[22] In 1937, the Bureau organized the Fishery Market News Service, which supported the U.S. commercial fishing industry by collecting and circulating information from widely scattered fisheries centers around the United States on fishery production, receipts, supply and demand, market prices, cold storage holdings, and imports and exports.[15]

Four ships were built for the Fish Commission, including the 157-foot-long (47.9 m)

decommissioned its last true seagoing research ship, USFS Albatross II, in 1932, and when the Fish and Wildlife Service was created in 1940, it inherited no research vessels from the Bureau of Fisheries.[24] The U.S. Government did not operate another fisheries research vessel until the Fish and Wildlife Service commissioned US FWS Albatross III in 1948.[24]

National Fish Hatchery System

When Congress expanded its mission to include fish culture in 1872, the Fish Commission laid the foundation for the National Fish Hatchery System, opening its first fish hatchery the same year. The Bureau of Fisheries and Fish and Wildlife Service carried on the fish hatchery program the Fish Commission began, and many of the fish hatcheries constructed by the Fish Commission before 1900 were among the 100 national hatcheries operating in 1960.[25] The Edenton Station hatchery, established in 1899, is na example of a hatchery constructed by the Fish Commission prior to 1900.[26]

To supplement the hatcheries, the Fish Commission commissioned the steamer USFC Fish Hawk in 1880.[27] Purpose-built as a floating fish hatchery, she was intended to follow the seasonal runs of American shad up and down the coast of the United States, in addition to carrying out fisheries research duties.[27] She operated until 1926.[27]

Fishery regulation and enforcement

Alaska

After the

cannery operations there and authorizing the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries to enforce these regulations as well.[4][28] In 1920, the Bureau's Alaska responsibilities expanded again, to include supervision of the conservation of marine mammals there, including sea otters, fur seals, and walruses.[4]

Upon receiving its law enforcement responsibilities in 1905–1906, the Bureau established regional districts throughout Alaska to organize fishery protection patrols along Alaska's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of coastline, but had no vessels suitable for such patrols in Alaska, and during the next few years relied on vessels borrowed from other

patrol vessels under the Bureau of Fisheries.[28]

In 1912, the Bureau purchased the former

speedboats to its Alaskan patrol inventory.[28]

In 1918, the Bureau of Fisheries augmented its fishery enforcement effort with a force of "steam watchmen," temporary employees who worked two to five months a year and kept a particular area under continuous observation; they also occasionally maintained lights and protected free-floating fish traps from drift.[35] The stream watchmen sometimes provided their own motorboats.[35] From an initial force of 10 men in 1918, the stream watchman force – which operated in both Southeast and Southcentral Alaska – grew to 59 men in 1922 and 220 in 1931.[35] In addition to stream watchmen, the Bureau also employed special wardens and operators of chartered boats to enforce fishery regulations.[35]

The Bureau of Fisheries also began to use aircraft for fishery patrols in 1929, chartering a seaplane from Alaska-Washington Airways to experiment with aerial patrols over Alaskan waters.[36] The aerial patrols were successful, and regular aerial patrols by Bureau of Fisheries agents using chartered aircraft began in 1930.[36] The patrols focused on Southeast Alaska,[36] and by 1939 logged an annual total of 6,859 miles (11,038 km) in 64 hours of flying.[36]

The fishery enforcement vessels and aircraft also provided transportation to Bureau of Fisheries personnel and assisted in the Bureau's scientific activities in Alaska.[28][36] In 1940, the Fish and Wildlife Service took over the fleet of patrol boats and the aerial patrol mission, and continued fishery enforcement operations, including the use of stream watchmen, wardens, and chartered boat operators. When Alaska became a state on January 3, 1959, it began to assume the responsibility for fishery protection in its waters like any other U.S. state.[28][36] The Fish and Wildlife Service's role in fishery enforcement in Alaska came to an end on December 31, 1959;[37] on January 1, 1960, the State of Alaska assumed full responsibility for fishery protection in its waters.[29] The Fish and Wildlife Service transferred many of its patrol boats to the State of Alaska and refocused its resources on its scientific mission.[28]

Elsewhere

In 1906, the Bureau of Fisheries became responsible for the enforcement of a law intended to regulate the taking of sponges in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of Florida.[4] It added the enforcement of a law governing the interstate transportation of black bass in 1930.[4] Under the Fishery Cooperative Marketing Act of June 4, 1935 — an act of Congress authorizing cooperative associations of producers of aquatic products[4] — the Bureau became responsible for administering the act, maintaining contact with fishery cooperatives, and advising the cooperatives.[4] In 1936 it became responsible for certain functions related to the Whaling Treaty Act.[4]

Pribilof Islands and Pribilof tenders

On April 21, 1910, the

Aleut communities in the islands, to the Bureau of Fisheries.[38] Under the protection and management first of the Bureau of Fisheries and later of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Pribilof fur seal herd grew from 150,000 animals in 1911 to 1,500,000 in 1960.[37]

To support the local Aleut community, the Bureau initially chartered commercial vessels to transport passengers and cargo to, from, and between the Pribilofs,[38] but by 1915 it had decided that a more cost-effective means of serving the islands would be to own and operate its own "Pribilof tender,"[38] a dedicated cargo liner responsible for transportation to, from, and between the islands.[38] Its first Pribilof tender, SS Roosevelt, operated from 1917 to 1919;[39] she was followed by MV Eider from 1919 to 1930,[40] and MV Penguin, which began operations in 1930.[41]

The operation of "Pribilof tenders" continued under the Bureau of Fisheries′ successor organizations, with the Fish and Wildlife Service employing MV Penguin on this service until 1950,[41] followed by MV Penguin II from 1950 to 1963,[42] MV Dennis Winn, which supplemented Penguin II′s service during the 1950s,[43] and MV Pribilof, which entered service in 1963 and continued to serve the Pribilofs after the creation of the NMFS in 1970.[44] The 58-year history of the "Pribilof tenders" did not come to a close until 1975, when the NMFS retired and sold Pribilof as part of a process of turning control of the local government and economy of the Pribilof Islands to their residents.[44]

U.S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries

The United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries oversaw the U.S. Fish Commission (1871–1903) and the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (1903–1940). The following served as Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries:

Flag of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries

Sources[45][46][47]

No. Portrait Name Tenure Notes
1 Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823–1887) 1871–1887
Woods Hole a research venue for marine biology
. Died in office.
2 G. Brown Goode (1851–1896) 1887–1888
Ichthyologist, museum administrator, and prolific writer who worked for the Fish Commission from 1872 to 1888. From 1873 to 1887 organized and administered the biological and fishery development research of the Fish Commission and ordered and developed the taxonomic and ichthyologic work of both the Fish Commission and the Smithsonian Institution. Left the Fish Commission in 1888 to become an assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.[48]
3 Marshall McDonald (1835–1895) 1888–1895
mineralogist, fish culturist, and fisheries scientist. Inventor of the fish ladder
and of a number of fish-hatching apparatuses. Worked for the Fish Commission from 1879 to 1895. Died in office.
– Herbert A. Gill 1895–1896 The Fish Commission's chief clerk, Gill served as acting commissioner between the death of Marshall McDonald and the arrival of John J. Brice.
4 John J. Brice (1841–1912) 1896–1898 Retired
United States West Coast.[49] Reoriented the Fish Commission's priorities around the propagation of commercially important species.[50]
5 George M. Bowers (1863–1925) 1898–1913
Banker and politician who later represented West Virginia's 2nd district in the United States House of Representatives from 1916 to 1923.[51]
6 Hugh M. Smith (1865–1941) 1913–1922 Physician, educator, ichthyologist, and writer who worked for the Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries from 1886 to 1922. Directed the Fish Commission's scientific research from 1897 to 1903 and was deputy commissioner of fish and fisheries from 1903 to 1913. After leaving the Bureau, served as the first director general of Thailand′s Department of Fisheries,[52] then as curator of zoology at the Smithsonian Institution.[53]
7 Henry O'Malley (1876–1936) 1922–1933 Fish culturist employed by the Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries from 1897 to 1934. Noted for his leadership as commissioner in protecting the American fishing industry and fish spawning grounds, especially the rehabilitation of depleted fishery resources in the Columbia River and the Territory of Alaska, as well as Alaska's fur seal resources.[54]
8 Photo Frank T. Bell (1883–1970) 1933–1939
United States government agencies and between them and U.S. state governments.[56]
– Charles E. Jackson 1939–1940 Deputy Commissioner Jackson served as acting commissioner between the departure of Frank T. Bell and the abolition of the Bureau of Fisheries.

Fleet

The U.S. Fish Commission operated five ships. They used the prefix "USFC" while in commission. The Bureau of Fisheries inherited all five USFC ships, and its fleet expanded during the early 20th century. Its ships were given the prefix "USFS" while in commission, derived from an alternative name, "United States Fisheries Service," sometimes used for the Bureau. Although there were occasional exceptions (such as Grampus, Red Wing, and Roosevelt), the Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries custom was to name vessels after aquatic birds.

The later organizational history of the fleet paralleled that of the history of the Bureau's successor organizations. In 1940, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) took over the Bureau of Fisheries fleet, and when the FWS was reorganized as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in 1956, its seagoing ships were assigned to the USFWS's new Bureau of Commercial Fisheries (BCF), which inherited the history and heritage of the Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries. When the

unified NOAA fleet
during 1972–1973. The Fish Commission and Bureau of Fisheries fleets therefore are among the ancestors of today's NOAA fleet.

A partial list of the ships of the U.S. Fish Commission (USFC) and U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (BOF):

  • USFC (later USFS) Albatros (research vessel with USFC 1882–April 1898 and August 1898 – 1903, then BOF 1903–1917 and 1919–1924)
  • USFS Albatross II (research vessel, BOF 1926–1932)
  • USFS Auklet (patrol vessel, BOF 1917–1940; then FWS 1940–1950)
  • USFS Blue Wing (patrol vessel, BOF 1924–1940; then FWS 1940–1950s)
  • USFS Brant (patrol vessel, BOF 1926–1940; then FWS 1940–1953)
  • USFS Crane (patrol vessel, BOF 1928–1940; then FWS 1940–1960)
  • fish culture
    vessel, BOF 1919–1937/1938)
  • USFS Eider
    (Pribilof tender and patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1940; then FWS 1940–1942 and 1946–late 1940s)
  • USFC (later USFS) Fish Hawk (research and hatchery vessel, USFC 1880–May 1898 and September 1898 – 1903, then BOF 1903–1918 and 1919–1926)
  • USFS Fulmar (research vessel, BOF 1919–1933/1934)
  • USFC (later USFS) Grampus (research and fish-culture vessel, USFC 1886–1903, then BOF 1903–1917)
  • USFS Halcyon (research vessel, BOF 1919–1927)
  • USFS Kittiwake (patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1940; then FWS 1940–late 1940s)
  • USFS Merganser (patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1940; then FWS 1940–ca. 1942–1943)
  • USFS Murre (patrol vessel, BOF 1917–1940; then FWS 1940–1942)
  • USFS Osprey (patrol vessel, BOF 1913–1921)
  • USFS Pelican (research and patrol vessel, BOF 1930–1940; then FWS/USFWS 1940–1958, NMFS ca. 1970/1971 to 1972)
  • USFS Penguin
    (Pribilof tender, BOF 1930–1940; then FWS 1940–1950)
  • USFS Petrel (patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1934)
  • USFC (later USFS) Phalarope (research and fish-culture vessel, USFC 1900–1903, then BOF 1903–1932/1933)
  • USFS Red Wing (patrol vessel, BOF 1928–1939)
  • USFS Roosevelt (Pribilof tender, BOF 1915–1919)
  • USFS Scoter (patrol vessel, BOF 1922–1940; then FWS 1940–1949)
  • USFS Teal (patrol vessel, BOF 1928–1940; then FWS/USFWS 1940–1960)
  • USFS Widgeon (patrol vessel, BOF 1919–1940; then FWS 1940–ca. 1944–1945)

Gallery

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c "Spencer Baird and Ichthyology at the Smithsonian: U.S. FISH COMMISSION". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  2. ^ USFWS Fishery Circular 97, p. 4.
  3. ^ "22.3, General records of the U.S. Fish Commission and the Bureau of Fisheries, 1870-1940", Records of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS], The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, retrieved September 11, 2017
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Circular 97, p. 5.
  5. ^ Stevenson, Charles H. (April 1903). "The United States Fish Commission". The North American Review: 593–601.
  6. ^ "Fisheries Historical Timeline: Historical Highlights 1900s". NOAA Fisheries Service: Northeast Fisheries Science Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  7. ^ "Fisheries Historical Timeline: Historical Highlights 1910s". NOAA Fisheries Service: Northeast Fisheries Science Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Circular 97, p. 9.
  9. ^ "Fisheries Historical Timeline: Historical Highlights 1930s". NOAA Fisheries Service: Northeast Fisheries Science Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  10. ^ "Fisheries Historical Timeline: Historical Highlights 1940s". NOAA Fisheries Service: Northeast Fisheries Science Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  11. ^ Circular 97, p. 10.
  12. ^ "Fisheries Historical Timeline: Historical Highlights 1950s". NOAA Fisheries Service: Northeast Fisheries Science Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  13. ^ "Fisheries Historical Timeline: Historical Highlights 1970s". NOAA Fisheries Service: Northeast Fisheries Science Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). June 16, 2011. Retrieved September 11, 2017. [dead link]
  14. ^ "United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries: Annual Reports 1871-1903". 19th & Early 20th Century Marine Ecology & Fisheries Research Reports. Friends of Penobscot Bay. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  15. ^ a b Circular 97, p. 17.
  16. ^ "The Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission. Selected reports 1881-1901". 19th & Early 20th Century Marine Ecology & Fisheries Research Reports. Friends of Penobscot Bay. 2006. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  17. ^ United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries (1887), The Fisheries and Fisheries Industries of the United States (PDF), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, retrieved September 11, 2017
  18. ^ "Shimada, Allen, "Sette′s Namesake" at aifrb.org AIFRB-Biographies-web.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
  19. ^ Anonymous, “Dr. Manning Passes,” Fisheries Service Bulletin, No. 292, September 1, 1939, p. 1 Accessed 10 August 1939
  20. ^ Fisheries Service Bulletin No. 1, June 1915, p. 1.
  21. ^ a b Aller, p. 2.
  22. ^ Aller, pp. 103 ff, 109 ff, 114 ff, 118 ff, 123 ff.
  23. ^ "Pacific Expeditions of the US Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, 1891, 1899–1900, 1904–1905". Harvard University Library Open Collections Program: EXPEDITIONS & DISCOVERIES. Harvard University. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  24. ^ a b Day, p. 6.
  25. ^ Circular 97, p. 25.
  26. ^ Butchko, Thomas R. (April 2002). "Edenton Station, United States Fish and Fisheries Commission" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  27. ^ a b c NOAA History: R/V Fish Hawk 1880-1926
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center AFSC Historical Corner: Early Fisheries Enforcement Patrol Boats (1912-39)
  29. ^ a b c Circular 97, p. 19.
  30. ^ a b c d NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center AFSC Historical Corner: Osprey, BOF's first Alaska patrol boat
  31. ^ AFSC Historical Corner: Auklet and Murre, 1917 Sister Patrol Vessels Retrieved September 17, 2018
  32. ^ NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center AFSC Historical Corner: Kittiwake, World War I Boat Over 100 Years Old
  33. ^ NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center "AFSC Historical Corner: Petrel and Merganser, World War I Boats"
  34. ^ NOAA Fisheries Alaska Science Fisheries Center AFSC Historical Corner: Widgeon, World War I Boat
  35. ^ a b c d NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center AFSC Historical Corner: Stream Watchmen
  36. ^ a b c d e f NOAA Fisheries Alaska Fisheries Science Center AFSC Historical Corner: Aircraft for Enforcement, Surveying & Transportation
  37. ^ a b Circular 97, p. 20.
  38. ^ a b c d e "The Pribilof Islands Tender Vessels". AFSC Historical Corner. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
  39. ^ afsc.noaa.gov AFSC Historical Corner: Roosevelt, Bureau's First Pribilof Tender Retrieved September 8, 2018
  40. ^ afsc.noaa.gov AFSC Historical Corner: Eider, Pribilof Tender and Patrol Vessel Retrieved September 7, 2018
  41. ^ a b afsc.noaa.gov AFSC Historical Corner: Penguin, Pribilof Tender for 20 Years (1930–50) Retrieved September 7, 2018
  42. ^ AFSC Historical Corner: Penguin II, Pribilof Islands Tender (1950-64) Retrieved September 6, 2018
  43. ^ AFSC Historical Corner: Dennis Winn, Auxiliary Pribilof Tender in the 1950s Retrieved September 10, 2018
  44. ^ a b AFSC Historical Corner: Pribilof, Bureau's Last Pribilof Tender (1964-75) Retrieved September 4, 2018
  45. ^ Galtsoff, Paul S., The Story of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Circular 145, Washington, D.C., 1962, p. 115.
  46. ^ Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1896, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1897, p. 1.
  47. ^ Anonymous, "Commissioner Frank T. Bell Resigns," Fisheries Service Bulletin, February 1, 1939, p. 1.
  48. ^ NOAA 200th Top Tens: History Makers: George Brown Goode: Eminent 19th Century Fish Scientist Accessed 13 November 2022
  49. ^ "The New Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries," The American Angler, April 1896, p. 130.
  50. ^ Report of the Commissioner for the Year Ending June 30, 1896 Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898, p. 1.
  51. ^ "BOWERS, George Meade (1863-1925)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 1774 to present. U.S. Senate Historical Office. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  52. ^ "ประวัติกรมประมง" (in Thai). Department of Fisheries. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  53. ^ "Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1932". 1846.
  54. ^ Anonymous (May 1, 1936). "Passing of Former United States Commissioner of Fisheries Henry O'Malley". Fisheries Service Bulletin (252). United States Department of Commerce: 1. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  55. ^ Anonymous, "Appointment of Frank T. Bell as Commissioner," Fisheries Service Bulletin, May 1, 1933, p. 1.
  56. ^ Anonymous, "Commissioner Frank T. Bell Resigns," Fisheries Service Bulletin, February 1, 1939, pp. 1–2.

Bibliography

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