User:Carchasm/sandbox/SKL

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Contents

Bad-Tibira

Shuruppak

Sippar

Kish

Eridu

Mari

Adab

Isin

Ur

Uruk

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Map of Iraq showing the cities that are mentioned in the Sumerian King List and that have been identified archaeologically. Akkad, Awan, Akshak and Larak have not yet been securely identified. Gutium is located in the Zagros Mountains

.

The sources differ in their exact contents. This is not only the result of many sources being fragmentary, it is also the result of scribal errors made during copying of the composition, and of the fact that changes were made to the composition through time. For example, the section on rulers before the flood is not present in every copy of the text, including every text from Nippur, where the majority of versions of the SKL was found. Also, the order of some of the dynasties or kings may be changed between copies, some dynasties that were separately mentioned in one version are taken together in another, details on the lengths of individual reigns vary, and individual kings may be left out entirely.[1]

The following summary and line numbers are taken from the compilation by the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, which in turn takes the text of the Weld-Blundell prism as its main source, listing other versions when there are differences in the text.^[2][3]

Lines 1–39: before the flood

This section, which is not present in every copy of the text, opens with the line "After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridu." Two kings of Eridu are mentioned, before the city "fell" and the "kingship was taken to Bad-tibira". This pattern of cities receiving kingship and then falling or being defeated, only to be succeeded by the next, is present throughout the entire text, often in the exact same words. This first section lists eight kings who ruled over five cities (apart from Eridu and Bad-tibiru, these also included Larag, Zimbir and Shuruppag). The duration of each reign is also given. In this first section, the reigns vary between 43,200 and 28,800 years for a total of 241,200 years. The section ends with the line "Then the flood swept over". Among the kings mentioned in this section is the ancient Mesopotamian god Dumuzid (the later Tammuz).

Antediluvian rulers

Lines 40–265: first dynasty of Kish to Lugal-zage-si

"After the flood had swept over, and the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Kish." After this well-known line, the section goes on to list 23 kings of Kish, who ruled between 1500 and 300 years for a total of 24,510 years. The exact numer of years varies between copies. Apart from the lengths of their reigns and whether they were the son of their predecessor (for example, "Mashda, the son of Atab, ruled for 840 years"), no other details are usually given on the exploits of these kings. Exceptions are Etana, "who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries" and Enmebaragesi, "who made the land of Elam submit". Enmebaragesi is also the first king in the Sumerian King List whose name is attested from contemporaneous (Early Dynastic I) inscriptions. His successor Aga of Kish, the final king mentioned before Kish fell and kingship was taken to E-ana, also appears in the poem Gilgamesh and Aga.

The next lines, up until Sargon of Akkad, show a steady succession of cities and kings, usually without much detail beyond the lengths of the individual reigns. Every entry is structured exactly the same: the city where kingship is located is named, followed by one or more kings and how long they reigned, followed by a summary and a final line indicating where kingship went next. Lines 134–147 may serve as an example:

In Ur, Mesannepada became king; he ruled for 80 years. Meskiagnun, the son of Mesannepada, became king; he ruled for 36 years. Elulu ruled for 25 years. Balulu ruled for 36 years. 4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan.^[2]

Individual reigns vary in length, from 1200 years for Lugalbanda of Uruk, to six years for another king of Uruk and several kings of Akshak. On average, the number of regnal years decreases down the list. Some city names, such as Uruk, Ur and Kish, appear more than once in the Sumerian King List. The earlier part of this section mentions several kings who are also known from other literary sources. These kings include Dumuzid the Fisherman and Gilgamesh, although virtually no king from the earlier part of this section appears in inscriptions dating from the actual period in which they were supposed to live. Lines 211–223 describe a dynasty from Mari, which is a city outside Sumer proper but which played an important role in Mesopotamian history during the late third and early second millennia BC. The following third dynasty of Kish consists of a single ruler Kug-Bau ("the woman tavern keeper"), thought to be the only queen listed in the Sumerian King List. The final two dynasties of this section, the fourth of Kish and the third of Uruk, provide a link to the next section. Sargon of Akkad is mentioned in the Sumerian King List as cup-bearer to Ur-zababa of Kish, and he defeated Lugal-zage-si of Uruk before founding his own dynasty.

First dynasty of Kish

Ruler	Epithet	Comments
Jushur	1,200 years	historicity uncertain
Kullassina-bel	960 years
Nangishlishma	670 years
En-tarah-ana	420 years
Babum	300 years
Puannum	840 years
Kalibum	960 years
Kalumum	840 years
Zuqaqip	900 years
A-ba )	600 years
Mashda	840 years
Arwium	720 years
Etana	1,500 years	see Myth of Etana
Balih		"the son of Etana"	400 years
En-me-nuna			660 years
Melem-Kish		"the son of En-me-nuna"	900 years
Barsal-nuna		("the son of En-me-nuna")*	1,200 years
Zamug		"the son of Barsal-nuna"	140 years
Tizqar		"the son of Zamug"	305 years
Ilku			900 years
Iltasadum			1,200 years
Enmebaragesi		"who made the land of Elam submit"	900 years	EDI	Earliest ruler on the list to be attested directly from archeology.
Aga of Kish		"the son of En-me-barage-si"	625 years	EDI	According to Gilgamesh and Aga he fought Gilgamesh. [6]

First rulers of Uruk

Ruler		Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates	Comments
E-ana		"the son of Utu"	324 years	Late Uruk Period	Historicity doubted, thought to be an addition by the Ur III period.[7]
"Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared."
Enmerkar		"the son of Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, the king of Unug, who built Unug (Uruk)"	420 years	Late Uruk Period
Lugalbanda		"the shepherd"	1,200 years	Late Uruk Period	Historicy is uncertain among scholars.[8]
Dumuzid the Fisherman		"the fisherman whose city was Kuara ." "He was taken captive by the single hand of Enmebaragesi"	100 years	Jemdet Nasr period	Historicity doubted, thought to be an addition by the Ur III period.[9]
Gilgamesh		"whose father was a phantom (?), the lord of Kulaba"	126 years	EDI	contemporary with Aga of Kish, according to Gilgamesh and Aga[6]
Ur-Nungal		"the son of Gilgamesh"	30 years
Udul-kalama		"the son of Ur-Nungal"	15 years
La-ba'shum			9 years
En-nun-tarah-ana			8 years
Mesh-he		"the smith"	36 years
Melem-ana			6 years
Lugal-kitun			36 years
"Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)."[10][11][12]

First dynasty of Ur

Ruler		Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates	Comments
Mesh-Ane-pada			80 years	c. 27th century BC	Existence is likely as it is supported by lot of tablets.
Mesh-ki-ang-Nuna		"the son of Mesh-Ane-pada"	36 years
Elulu			25 years
Balulu			36 years
"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."[10][11][12]

Dynasty of Awan

Second dynasty of Kish

The First dynasty of Lagash (c. 2500 – c. 2271 BC) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions

Dynasty of Hamazi

Second dynasty of Uruk

Ruler		Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates	Comments
En-shag-kush-ana			60 years	c. 25th century BC	said to have conquered parts of Sumer; then Eannatum of Lagash claims to have taken over Sumer, Kish, and all Mesopotamia.
Lugal-kinishe-dudu or Lugal-ure			120 years		contemporary with Entemena of Lagash
Argandea			7 years

Second dynasty of Ur

Dynasty of Adab

Dynasty of Mari

Third dynasty of Kish

Dynasty of Akshak

Fourth dynasty of Kish

Third dynasty of Uruk

Lines 266–377: Akkad to Isin

This section is devoted to the well-known Akkadian ruler Sargon and his successors. After the entry on Shar-kali-sharri, the Sumerian King List reads "Then who was king? Who was not king?", suggesting a period of chaos that may reflect the uncertain times during which the Akkadian Empire came to an end.^[13] Four kings are mentioned to have ruled for a total of only three years. Of the Akkadian kings mentioned after Shar-kali-sharri, only the names of Dudu and Shu-turul have been attested in inscriptions dating from the Akkadian period. The Akkadian dynasty is succeeded by the fourth dynasty of Uruk, two kings of which, Ur-nigin and his son Ur-gigir, appear in other contemporary inscriptions. Kingship was then taken to the "land" or "army" of Gutium, of which it was said that at first they had no kings and that they ruled themselves for a few years. After this short episode, 21 Gutian kings are listed before the fall of Gutium and kingship was taken to Uruk. Only one ruler is listed during this period of kingship (Utu-hegal), before it moved on to Ur. The so-called Third Dynasty of Ur consisted of 5 kings who ruled between 9 and 46 years. No other details of their exploits are given. The Sumerian King List remarks that, after the rule of Ur was abolished, "The very foundation of Sumer was torn out", after which kingship was taken to Isin. The kings of Isin are the final dynasty that is included in the list. The dynasty consisted of 14 kings who ruled between 3 and 33 years. As with the Ur III dynasty, no details are given on the reigns of individual kings.

Dynasty of Akkad

Fourth dynasty of Uruk

(Possibly rulers of lower Mesopotamia contemporary with the Dynasty of Akkad)

The Second dynasty of

)) is not mentioned in the King List, though it is well known from inscriptions.

Gutian rule

Main article:

Gutian Dynasty

Lugalanatum

(𒄖𒋾𒌝𒆠, gu-ti-um^KI)

Ruler		Length of reign	Approx. dates	Comments
"In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years."
Inkišuš		6 years	c. 2147–2050 BC ( short )
Zarlagab )		6 years
Shulme (or Yarlagash)		6 years
Silulumeš or Silulu)		6 years
Inimabakeš (or Duga)		5 years
Igešauš (or Ilu-An)		6 years
Yarlagab		3 years
Ibate of Gutium		3 years
Yarla (or Yarlangab)		3 years
Kurum		1 year
Apilkin		3 years
La-erabum		2 years		mace head inscription
Irarum		2 years
Ibranum		1 year
Hablum		2 years
Puzur-Suen		7 years		"the son of Hablum"
Yarlaganda		7 years		foundation inscription at Umma
Unknown		7 years		Si'um or Si-u? — foundation inscription at Umma
Tirigan		40 days		defeated by Utu-hengal of Uruk

Fifth dynasty of Uruk

Ruler	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates	Comments
Utu-hengal		conflicting dates (427 years / 26 years / 7 years)	c. 2055–2048 BC ( short )	defeats Ur-Namma governor of Ur

Third dynasty of Ur

Main article:

Third dynasty of Ur

Ruler	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates	Comments
Ur-Namma (Ur-Nammu)	"the son of Utu-Hengal"	18 years	c. 2047–2030 BC ( short )	defeats Nammahani of Lagash; contemporary of Utu-hengal of Uruk
Shulgi	"the son of Ur-Namma"	46 years	c. 2029–1982 BC ( short )	possible lunar/solar eclipse 2005 BC
Amar-Suena	"the son of Shulgi"	9 years	c. 1981–1973 BC ( short )
Shu-Suen	"the son of Amar-Suena"	9 years	c. 1972–1964 BC ( short )
Ibbi-Suen	"the son of Shu-Suen"	24 years	c. 1963–1940 BC ( short )

Dynasty of Isin

Main article: Dynasty of Isin

Ruler	Epithet	Length of reign	Approx. dates	Comments
Ishbi-Erra		33 years	c. 1953–1920 BC ( short )	contemporary of Ibbi-Suen of Ur
Shu-Ilishu	"the son of Ishbi-Erra"	20 years
Iddin-Dagan	"the son of Shu-ilishu"	20 years
Ishme-Dagan	"the son of Iddin-Dagan"	20 years
Lipit-Eshtar	"the son of Ishme-Dagan (or Iddin-Dagan)"	11 years		contemporary of Gungunum of Larsa
Ur-Ninurta	("the son of Ishkur , may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life")*	28 years		Contemporary of Abisare of Larsa
Bur-Suen	"the son of Ur-Ninurta"	21 years
Lipit-Enlil	"the son of Bur-Suen"	5 years
Erra-imitti		8 years		He appointed his gardener, Enlil-Bani, substitute king and then suddenly died.
Enlil-bani		24 years		contemporary of Sumu-la-El of Babylon. He was Erra-imitti's gardener and was appointed substitute king, to serve as a scapegoat and then sacrificed, but remained on the throne when Erra－imitti suddenly died.
Zambiya		3 years		contemporary of Sin-Iqisham of Larsa
Iter-pisha		4 years
Ur-du-kuga		4 years
Suen-magir		11 years
(Damiq-ilishu)*	("the son of Suen-magir")*	(23 years)*

Lines 378–431: summary

Some versions of the Sumerian King List conclude with a summary of the dynasties after the flood. In this summary, the number of kings and their accumulated regnal years are mentioned for each city, as well as the number of times that city had received kingship: "A total of 12 kings ruled for 396 years, 3 times in Urim." The final line again tallies the numbers for all these dynasties: "There are 11 cities, cities in which the kingship was exercised. A total of 134 kings, who altogether ruled for 28876 + X years."

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :9 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
2. ^ ^{a b} "The Sumerian king list: translation". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-06-30.
3. OCLC 191464830
   .
4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-30. Retrieved 2011-03-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Christine Proust, "Numerical and Metrological Graphemes: From Cuneiform to Transliteration," Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2009, ISSN 1540-8779
5. ^ R.K. Harrison, “Reinvestigating the Antediluvian Sumerian King List,” JETS, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 3-8, (Mar 1993)
6. ^ ^{a b} [1] Archived 2016-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Gilgameš and Aga Translation at ETCSL
7. ^ Drewnowska, Olga; Sandowicz, Malgorata (2017). Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East. Winona Lake, Indiana: EISENBRAUNS. p. 201.
8. ^ Lugalbanda, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p. 117.
9. ^ Mittermayer, Catherine (2009). Enmerkara und der Herr von Arata: Ein ungleicher Wettstreit. p. 93.
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Cite error: The named reference SKL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Cite error: The named reference SHL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
12. ^ ^{a b c d} Cite error: The named reference CDLI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
13. OCLC 21523764.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )