User:Ranger Steve/Sandbox4
A Bridge Too Far | |
---|---|
Directed by | Liv Ullman |
Cinematography | Geoffrey Unsworth, BSC |
Edited by | Antony Gibbs |
Music by | John Addison |
Production company | |
Distributed by | United Artists |
Release date | June 15, 1977 |
Running time | 176 min. |
Country | Great Britain |
Language | English |
Budget | $22 million |
A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 epic war film based on the 1974 book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan. It was adapted by William Goldman, produced by Joseph E. Levine and directed by Richard Attenborough.
The film follows the events of
Ryan's book was an international
Levine spent vast sums of his own money recruiting Goldman to adapt the book, and Attenborough to direct it. He assembled an all star cast that included
The film's name is taken directly from Ryan's book, which credits it to an unconfirmed comment made by British Lieutenant-General
Plot
The movie opens with a brief montage of archival film footage and a summary of the war so far, narrated by Liv Ullmann in character as Kate ter Horst. The rationale behind Market Garden is explained before the film moves into the opening credits.
In September 1944 Germans begin withdrawing through the
At OB West Headquarters, Field Marshal von Rundstedt and Field Marshal
At Arnhem, the Dutch reistance discover that Field Marshal Model has moved into the area, and that tanks are in the surrounding countryside. They pass this information back to England, where plans are already being made for the operation. Urquhart and Sosabowski are dismayed to learn that the
Meanwhile in
The operation begins on 17 September when the vast airborne armada takes to the skies. On the ground the huge air formations are heard across England and observed by XXX Corps as they prepare to advance. Shortly afterwards the airborne forces commence their drop. The forces land unopposed and advance toward their objectives. At Eindhoven Colonel Stout (
At Arnhem the British forces meet only light opposition and Lieutenant Colonel
The assault on Nijmegen bridge is delayed while the men wait for boats. Upon their arrival the American troops instantly launch their attack, crossing the Waal under heavy fire and taking many casualties. Upon reaching the other side they are able to secure the northern side of the bridge just as British tanks begin to cross from the southern end. However after securing the bridge, XXX Corps waits several hours while their infantry finish clearing Nijmegen. At Arnhem Sosabowski's Polish troops finally enter the battle, but are severely mauled during their drop and in subsequent attempts to cross the Lower Rhine and aid the British. With little hope of relief the 1st Airborne is compelled to withdraw. Urquhart leads less than two thousand of his troops to safety, but the remainder are forced to stay behind and surrender.
Background
Launched in the latter stages of the
The Battle of Arnhem became a famous chapter in British military history.
Development
Levine had secured the rights to adapt the book into a film before Ryan had even finished it
On 12 June 1975, Levine announced the movie at a press conference in London.[15] Shooting was to begin the following year and the movie would be a predominately British production, with 80% of the costs being invested in British companies.[15]
Pre-production
Levine and Attenborough were at pains to make the movie authentic, especially as so many of the original participants were still alive. At the same time, Attenborough was concerned that some scenes would be unbelievable to an audience, even if historically accurate.
Casting
In a movie of such scale it was necessary to condense certain characters and events[21] but this was often mourned by veterans of the battle. Both Graeme Warrack and Walter Harzer were unhappy that they were not individually identified, and that their meeting to discuss a truce was portrayed with three fictional characters.[21] John Frost was disappointed that the roles of Digby Tatham-Warter and Warrack "were slurred so as to become of little account".[22]
Famous fourteen
Attenborough's Private Army
Cast and roles
British
Actor | Character | Notes |
---|---|---|
Dirk Bogarde | Lieutenant General Frederick "Boy" Browning |
CO I British Airborne Corps, and at HQ First Allied Airborne Army as its deputy commander, British Army at Nijmegen |
Michael Byrne | Lieutenant Colonel Giles Vandeleur | acting CO 2nd Battalion (Armoured), The Irish Guards, British Army. Cousin to 'Joe'. |
Michael Caine | John Ormsby Evelyn "JOE" Vandeleur |
CO 3rd Battalion (Infantry), The Irish Guards, The Guards Armoured Division, XXX Corps, British Army[23] |
Sean Connery | Major General Roy Urquhart |
CO British 1st Airborne Division, |
Michael Graham Cox | Captain James Cleminson | T/Capt., [Sir] James Arnold Stacey "Jimmy" Cleminson Officer Commanding, 5 Platoon (B Company), 3rd Parachute Battalion, British Army, Arnhem[24] |
Donald Douglas | Brigadier Gerald Lathbury | CO 1st Parachute Brigade. Wounded and briefly paralized, Lathbury made a complete recovery and escaped captivity during Operation Pegasus .
|
Denholm Elliott | RAF meteorologist officer |
In his book, Ryan states that Sosabowski spoke with the chief liaison officer, Lieutenant Colonel George Stevens. |
Edward Fox | Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks | CO XXX Corps, British Second Army. |
Christopher Good | Major Harry Carlyle | Carlyle is a fictional character, but in Ryan's book the character is directly comparable to Major |
Frank Grimes |
Major Fuller | Fuller is based upon Major Brian Urquhart, G-2 (Intelligence Officer) for 1st Airborne Corps. The name was changed to avoid confusion with Roy Urquhart.[28] |
Anthony Hopkins | Lieutenant Colonel John Frost |
CO 2nd Battalion, The Parachute Regiment .
|
Richard Kane | Colonel Weaver |
Weaver is a fictional character, but comparable to Colonel Graeme Warrack, Senior Medical Officer, 1st Airborne Division, who negotiates the truce with German forces.[29] |
Stephen Moore | Major Robert Steele | Steele is a fictional character, but comparable to Major Anthony Deane-Drummond , 2IC, 1st Airborne Divisional Signals.
|
Gerald Sim | Colonel Sims | Sims is a fictional character but based on Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Austin Eagger, Senior Medical Officer, 1st Airborne Corps, RAMC, who ordered Brian Urquhart on leave. |
American
Actor | Character | Notes |
---|---|---|
James Caan | Staff Sergeant Eddie Dohun(based on Charles Dohun), |
runner for Captain LeGrand King "Legs" Johnson, F company CO U.S. Army (attacking Best)
|
Nicholas Campbell | Captain Glass (based on Captain LeGrand King "Legs" Johnson) |
CO, F Company, 2nd Battalion, 502PIR,[30] |
Elliot Gould |
Colonel Robert Stout | Stout, a fictional character, is based on Colonel Robert Sink, CO 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. |
Garrick Hagon | Lieutenant Rafferty | Fictional character. |
Arthur Hill | U.S. Army surgeon (colonel) | Chief Division Surgeon Lt Col. David Gold, 101st Airborne division at the Division Clearing Station |
Paul Maxwell |
Major General Maxwell Taylor |
CO US 101st Airborne Division .
|
Ryan O'Neal | Brigadier General James Gavin |
CO US 82nd Airborne Division .
|
Robert Redford | Major Julian Cook | CO, 3rd Battalion, 504th PIR, 82nd Airborne, U.S. Army seizing key bridges over the Maas-Waal Canal and the river assault crossing of the Waal river. |
Dutch
Actor | Character | Notes |
---|---|---|
Peter Faber | Captain Arie D. "Harry" Bestebreurtje |
Liaison officer with the 82nd Airborne Division, Office of Strategic Services [31], Royal Dutch Army. |
Laurence Olivier | Dr. Jan Spaander | Olivier's character is fictional. |
Liv Ullmann | Kate ter Horst | |
Siem Vroom | Underground leader
| |
Erik van't Wout | Underground leader's son |
Polish
Actor | Character | Notes |
---|---|---|
Gene Hackman | Major General Stanisław Sosabowski | CO Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade .
|
German
Actor | Character | Notes |
---|---|---|
Hans von Borsody | General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt | |
Walter Kohut | Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model | CO Army Group B. |
Hardy Krüger | SS-Brigadeführer Ludwig |
Based on Heinz Harmel and Walter Harzer. Heinz Harmel did not want his name to be mentioned in the movie. |
Wolfgang Preiss | Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt | CO OB West |
Maximilian Schell | SS-Obergruppenführer Wilhelm Bittrich |
CO II SS Panzer Corps. |
Fred Williams | SS- Viktor Eberhard Gräbner |
CO Reconnaissance Battalion, 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen. |
Source: A Bridge Too Far at
Production
Shooting began on the 26 Aril 1976 and lasted throughout the summer.[32]
Filming of the Arnhem Bridge scenes began in May and continued into June.
The advisors were able to make some changes to the script, even if their contributions would be somewhat limited on such a large movie.[36] John Frost was particularly uncomfortable with a scripted scene in which he rejected a German offer for the British to surrender, citing the fact that he had never had such a confrontation.[nb 1] Attenborough reworked the scene slightly, after checking with Frost if he objected to being present at such an encounter.[39] Still, Frost was unhappy with the final scene (in which Major Carlyle ironically informs the Germans that they don't have the space or facilities to accept their surrender), believing it was particularly unrealistic – a view shared by Heinz Harmel.[40]
Score
The score was written by the
Tracklisting
- 1. Overture
- 2. Dutch Rhapsody
- 3. Before The Holocaust
- 4. Underground Resistance
- 5. Air Lift
- 6. Hospital Tent
- 7. Arnhem
- 8. Nijmegen Bridge
- 9. March Of The Paratroopers
- 10. Bailey Bridge
- 11. Human Roadblock
- 12. Futile Mission
- 13. Waal River
- 14. Arnhem Destroyed
- 15. Retreat
- 16. Bridge Too Far March
Reception
Reviews of A Bridge too Far have been mixed, but it holds a 67% on Rotten Tomatoes. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a 2 out of 4 stars. Dennis Schwartz of Ozus World Movie Reviews graded the film C+ and wrote "Though overlong, muddled, ponderous and overbaked, it's not without some impressive moments." Steve Crum of Video-Review Master gave the film a 3 out of 5 stars, and wrote "Dozens of stars do not a classic WWII flick make. James Caan fares the best of them all in a memorable sequence." Emanuel Levy of Emanuel Levy.com gave a negative review of 2 out of 5 stars. However James Rocchi of Netflix gave the film a perfect 5 out of 5 stars. Peter Canavese of Groucho reviews gave the movie a positive review of 3.5 out of 4 stars.
British
NY Times [45]
The title of the film has evolved as an idiomatic phrase in its own right, which means the act of overreaching.[46]
And another... [47]
Old Stuff
Historical accuracy
The film was never intended to be a literal retelling of the book, and certain liberties were taken. Nevertheless, it tried for a high degree of accuracy, presenting one of the most realistic portrayals of a World War II battle within the confines of the movie format.[citation needed]
- During the conference between Model and von Rundstedt where they discuss moving II SS Panzer Corps to Arnhem, the marker designating that unit incorrectly reads, "II SS Panzer Div".[48]
- German military policemen properly wear the appropriate gorget while on duty.
- The "such power at my disposal" dialogue attributed to General Bittrich as he watched the massive Allied air armada was actually only thought by German paratroop expert General Student.
- On the German side, there was no "Maj. Gen. Ludwig". He is a composite of Generals Harzer and Harmel of the 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions. In the film's meeting between "Ludwig" and Bittrich right after the initial British landings, Bittrich says he'll handle Arnhem and that Ludwig should deal with the Allied troops in Nijmegen. In reality, the 9th SS (Harzer) was ordered to deal with the British in Arnhem and the 10th SS (Harmel) was ordered to Nijmegen.
- British tanks are of the right color and, impressively, wear the appropriate divisional insignia of the Guards Armoured division. However, there are no short-barrelled 75 mm Shermans in evidence, which should still be the predominant type in service in late 1944.
- The anti-tank guns used by the Germans defending against 75 mm PAK 40s, which would be correct. However, their light grey color is wrong and the muzzle for some pieces are incorrect.
- In a road clearing operation, a British Guards Armoured division tankdozer pushes a knocked out M24 Chaffee out of the road. But the Allies did not use M24s during that period. The tank only became available in small numbers to American units during the Battle of the Bulge.
- Unusually for a film of this period, many actors representing Waffen SS soldiers wear the correct, distinctive uniforms of the Waffen SS. However, by 1944 the party insignia on Waffen SS helmets was usually not worn. However, the credits at the end list (full) General Bittrich and Lieutenant General ("Generalleutnant") Ludwig as one rank lower than their correct insignia indicated[49].
- For the attack by the 9th SS Aufklärungs Abt, commanded by SS-Hauptsturmführer ("Hauptmann," or Captain, in the Waffen SSSdkfz 251/3 command/communications half-track which was correctly used by his HQ company. But in reality Graebner reportedly rode in a captured British Humber Armoured Car.
- The vehicles of the 9th SS Aufklärungs Abt bear the correct insignia of the "Hohenstaufen" division, and the correct tactical sign for the unit.
- In reality, the first few German armoured cars of Graebner's column made it across the bridge unscathed due to the fact that they took the defenders by surprise. The British had laid mines on the bridge's approaches and these were expertly avoided by the speeding German drivers.
- Leopard 1 tanks of the Dutch Army portrayed German armour (presumably intended to be German Panzer IVs or Panthers). Their light grey color was incorrect for any German armour of WWII.
- When the lone "Tiger" attacks the British at Arnhem, it attacks from the southern end of the bridge. In reality, after Graebner's failed attack, no more German armoured attacks came from that direction.
- In the film, the British kill or disperse the resting crew of a German tank, thus allowing General Urquhart to return to his headquarters. In reality, while a number of German tanks (including 6-pounders, in this case, he just waited for the German tank to move on.
- On the American side, there was no "Col. Robert Stout" of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regimentwhose troops were about to seize the Son River bridge when it blew up in their faces, and who hastily built a temporary bridge in its place.
- In a few scenes filmed in Nijmegen, the Sint Stevenskerk (Saint Stevenschurch) isn't partially destroyed, which it was, because of the bombardment of February 22, 1944 by the Americans.
- The incident where a British paratrooper is killed bringing back a supply canister full of red berets is only partially accurate. In reality the paratrooper survived.
- The Dutch physician 'Dr Jan Spaander' played by Laurence Olivier was a fictional character.
- The Invasion Stripes on all the C-47 troopcarriers depicted are incorrect: only painted on bottom half of wings and fuselages instead of completely around as they actually were.
- The British fighter bombers depicted in support of the advancing XXX Corps column were P-64s[51] - never used by the British or in the European Theater even.
- The dialoge between Frost and Model's adjutant requesting surrender never took place. Instead Obersturmbannführer Heinz Harmel, commander of the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg, selected a British prisoner, Sergeant Stanley Halliwell (1st Parachute Squadron, Royal Engineers), and sent him into the British perimeter to request that Frost surrender his forces. After arriving, Halliwell explained what Harmel wants; Frost gave Halliwell a message for Harmel to “Go to hell.” Halliwell then told Frost, “If it’s all the same to you, Colonel, I’ll stay. Jerry [the Germans] will get the message sooner or later.”[52]
Production
Air filming was done in the first weeks of September 1976, culminating in a series of air drops of a total of 1,000 men, together with the dropping of supplies from a number of
Aircraft 6171 doubled as the camera ship on most formations, with a camouflaged
Four
The scenes around the 'Arnhem' bridge were actually shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was still available. Although the original bridge in Arnhem still existed, it was by the mid-1970s sitting in a modern urban surroundings which could not be used to portray a 1940s city. A few scenes were shot in Zutphen, where the old municipality house (a white building which in the film featured the Nazi command centre) and the main church can be seen.
The movie's treatment of military history is somewhat misleading compared to the original book; in particular, the reasons for the delay in
An episode of the Dutch TV history programme Andere Tijden (site in Dutch) (English: Different Times) about the making of this movie stated that producer Joseph E. Levine told the Deventer town government that their town should host the world premiere for A Bridge Too Far, on June 14, 1977. This never came to be, though, and Deventer even missed out on the Dutch premiere, which was held in Amsterdam.
Facts and figures
This May, 2009 contains a list of miscellaneous information. (May 2009) |
- Joseph E. Levine financed the $22 million budget himself. During the production, he would show footage from the film to distributors who would then pay him for distribution rights. By the time the film was finished, Levine had raised $26 million, putting the film $4 million in the black before it had even opened.
- To tempt the distributors, Levine needed to assemble an all-star cast. The principal players were paid $250,000 a week, though Steve McQueen and Robert Redford. Attenborough pushed for McQueen, with whom he had worked as an actor on The Sand Pebbles and The Great Escape. But McQueen wanted $3 million, plus $50,000 for his entourage, $470,000 to buy a house he couldn't sell and to have his part scheduled so he could immediately begin production on another film for which he was being paid $3 million. Levine turned him down and Redford agreed to play the part for $2 million.[20]
- Shooting of the American-led assault on the Bridge at Nijmegen was dubbed the “Million-Dollar Hour”. Because of the heavy traffic, they had permission to film on the bridge between eight and nine o'clock on 3 October 1976, and if they couldn't shoot the scene, they would have to reschedule at a cost — including Redford's overtime — of at least a million dollars. For this reason, Attenborough insisted that all actors playing corpses keep their eyes closed.[20]
- Michael Caine's scripted line to order the column of tanks and armoured cars into battle, was "Forward, go, charge". Luckily for Caine, Lieutenant Colonel Joe Vandeleur was on the set, so he could ask him what the actual line was. Vandeleur told him, "I just said quietly into the microphone, 'Well, get a move on, then'", which is what Caine says in the film as released. Vandeleur was apparently enamoured of Caine playing him, telling him that he was taller and more handsome than in reality.
- Edward Fox had known General Horrocks before working on the film, and considered him a friend; thus, Fox took great care to portray him accurately. Years later, he would cite his portrayal of Horrocks as his favorite film role.[54]
- Dirk Bogarde had known General Browning personally, from his time on Field Marshall Montgomery's staff during the war, and took issue with the film's largely negative portrayal of the General.
- Sean Connery initially turned down his role, fearing that the film would glamorize a military disaster, but changed his mind after reading the finished screenplay.
- Audrey Hepburn (who had lived in Holland during Market-Garden) was the first choice to play Kate Ter Horst, but declined due to low salary. Roger Moore was the first choice to play Horrocks but his contractual commitment to The Spy Who Loved Me prevented him from taking the part.
- Steven Spielberg's idea for putting his Band of Brothersactors through boot camp was originally done by Attenborough for this film. Attenborough put many of the extras/soldiers through a mini-boot camp and even had them housed in a barracks of sorts during filming.
See also
- Theirs is the Glory
- A Bridge Too Far (book)
- Operation Market Garden
- The Longest Day (film)
Notes
- ^ In Ryan's book two German offers to surrender are described. In one, Heinz Harmel, sent a British prisoner (Sergeant Stanley Halliwell of the Royal Engineers) to Frost's HQ to request that Frost surrender his forces. Frost reply for Harmel was simply “Go to hell.” Halliwell chose not to return however, believing "Jerry will get the message sooner or later.”[37] The second offer was made to Captain Eric Mackay of the Royal Engineers who genuinely assumed the Germans themselves wanted to surrender, and promptly rejected the offer.[38]
References
- ^ Ryan, p67
- ^ Evans, p1
- ^ Evans, p19
- ^ Evans, p20
- ^ Waddy, p10
- ISBN 9780850523751.
- ISBN 978-1844155378.
- ^ a b c Frost, p251
- ^ Ryan, p541
- ^ a b c Waddy, p31
- ^ Ryan, p542
- ^ "The New York Times Best Seller List – Non-Fiction: October 6, 1974" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-12-13.
- ^ Frost, p252
- ^ a b "The British Film Institute: A Bridge Too Far (1977)". Retrieved 2009-12-15.
- ^ a b Johnstone, p38
- ^ Attenborough
- ^ Johnstone, p128
- ^ Frost, p 251-252
- ^ Johnstone, p139
- ^ a b c Goldman
- ^ a b Johnstone, p144
- ^ Frost, p255
- ^ In the movie 'Joe' is depicted as leading the tanks of his cousin Giles' battalion although he commanded the The Irish Guards Group as was the practice of combining two battalions from same regiment under senior regimental officer
- ^ Shown accompanying Maj. Gen. Urquhart he however did not become ADC to General Officer Commanding 1st Airborne Division until 1945, but was Mentioned In Dispatches for Arnhem
- ^ Ryan, p383
- ^ Ryan, p274
- ^ "Find a Grave: John Hollington Grayburn". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
- ^ "deleGATE – Member State's Portal Pilot: Happy 90th Birthday, Sir Brian Urquhart". 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
- ^ Ryan, p
- ^ He was initially wounded by a rifle bullet in the right shoulder. The following is taken from War Stories website [1] History vs Hollywood - Captain Legs Johnson "Medics made him lie down and set up an IV with plasma flowing into him. Medical jeeps bearing stretchers were evacuating wounded two at a time, to a field hospital in Zon. Since many of the wounded were hit more seriously than himself, Legs kept delaying his own evacuation, telling the medics to convey the others first. Even when Legs was finally loaded, he was still telling them to delay and take others. Against his objections, he was placed across the hood of the Jeep on a stretcher and then the Jeep scratched-off, headed for Zon.
At that time, a German MG42 machine-gun fired at the Jeep from over 500 yards distance. One round entered Legs' helmet and tore into his head. He lost consciousness and would not wake -up until weeks later.
At the hospital in Zon, Legs was briefly examined and since he was unconscious and his brains were exposed, he was relegated to the 'dead pile' of troopers who were wounded so seriously that they had no chance to survive.
Later that afternoon, Sgt Charles Dohun (Hollywood changed his first name to EDDIE), who was Legs' runner [orderly] wandered over to the hospital for a specific purpose. He knew that the captain had a substantial amount of cash in his billfold and he didn't want a stranger from another unit to get it.
Dohun spotted Captain Johnson in the dead pile and examined him-when he discovered that Legs was still breathing, he carried him into an operating room and ordered the surgeon to save him. When the doctor refused, Dohun pointed a souvenirLuger at him and threatened to shoot him (he did not use a .45 as shown in 'A Bridge Too Far', but a .45looks more impressive).
The operation was successful. "Legs" regained consciousness six weeks later in a hospital, "deaf, dumb, blind, and with a steel plate in my head." As of this writing (October, 2005), Legs is still alive in Florida. Charles Dohun survived WW2 and lived in N.C. until his death about 15 years ago.
Regarding the Hollywood Depiction
When I interviewed Legs Johnson in the late 1990's, he commented on how he and Sgt Dohun were portrayed in 'A Bridge Too Far', the 1977 Hollywood version of Cornelius Ryan's book about Operation Market Garden.
"Legs" said :"In the movie, I was a little, scared guy, and Dohun was a great big guy. Hell, in real life I would've made TWO of Dohun."
Cornelius Ryan described in his book, how Sgt Dohun was placed under arrest for threatening to shoot the surgeon. I have not learned the identity of that doctor, but he did NOT pardon the sgt, as shown in the film. Sgt Dohun was taken beforeLTCSteve Chappuis (later Brigadier General (Ret.) Steve A. Chappuis), the 2/502 C.O. and "Silent Steve" placed him under arrest for one minute. As Dohun stood at attention before his desk, the LTC looked at his watch for sixty seconds, then told Dohun he could go.
Captain Hugh 'Duke' Roberts, the second battalion S-1 of the 502 PIR, was among the few indiividuals who knew the story of how Dohun had ordered the doctor to perform the operation, at gunpoint. Duke wrote a letter to Mrs Johnson,(Legs' wife), explaining how Sgt Dohun had been responsible for saving his life. When Cornelius Ryan was researching 'A Bridge Too Far', Mrs Johnson sent that letter to Ryan, which is how the author became aware of the story. - ^ [2]
- ^ Johnstone, p41
- ^ Waddy, p39,42
- ^ a b Waddy, p40
- ^ Johnstone, p149
- ^ "Paradata – Extended biography of John Waddy". Retrieved 2009-09-22.
- ^ Ryan, p361
- ^ Ryan,p362
- ^ Attenborough
- ^ Frost p256
- ^ "FSM Online Liner Notes: The Charge of the Light Brigade". Retrieved -2009-12-12.
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- ^ [4]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ http://creativescreenwriting.com/csdaily/dvds/01_06_06_Bridge.html
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075784/goofs
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Schutzstaffel
- ^ http://www.daveswarbirds.com/usplanes/aircraft/p-64.htm
- ^ p.356, Arthur
- AIR International, July 1977, Volume 13, Number 1, p. 33-34, Talkback column
- ^ "A Bridge Too Far (1977) [[British Film Institute]]". Retrieved 2009-10-19.
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References
- ISBN 0-340-22340-5. [NB: Book has no page numbers]
- Johnstone, Iain (1977). The Arnhem Report: The story behind A Bridge Too Far. ISBN 0352397756.
- Waddy, John (1986). "The Making of A Bridge Too Far". After the Battle - Arnhem (Special Issue): 30–52.
- Richard Attenborough (Director).
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External links
- A Bridge Too Far at IMDb
- A Bridge Too Far at AllMovie
- A Bridge Too Far at the TCM Movie Database
- A Bridge too far at http://www.britishcinemagreats.com/films_page/a_bridge_too_far/a_bridge_too_far_page_one.htm"