Vigo Ordnance Plant
The Vigo Ordnance Plant, also known as the Vigo Chemical Plant or simply Vigo Plant, was a United States Army facility built in 1942 to produce conventional weapons. In 1944 it was converted to produce biological agents for the U.S. bio-weapons program. Although the plant never actually produced bio-weapons before the end of World War II, it did produce 8000 pounds of an anthrax simulant. After the war, the plant was transferred to Pfizer, who operated it until the plants closure in 2008.
Location
The Vigo Ordnance Plant was located on 700 acres (2.8 km2) of a more than 6,000-acre (24 km2) government-owned tract and cost $21 million to build (the equivalent of $366 million in 2023).
History
Construction and conversion
The
On May 8, 1944 the Army Special Projects Division (SPD) directed the Vigo Plant to convert its facilities for full-scale biological agent production.[1][3] The plant was converted for biological warfare (BW) use by the H.K. Ferguson Construction Company; they added fermenter tanks, slurry heaters, laboratories and the other necessities of a biological warfare facility.[1] The plant was to be the first U.S. anthrax factory and would be utilized filling a British order for anthrax bombs.[4] In March 1944 the British had placed an order for 500,000 of these bombs which Winston Churchill, remarked, should only be considered a "first installment".[5]
Bio-weapons production
When it was conceived, the initial plan was for the Vigo Plant to be a production facility for anthrax and
After U.S. BW scientists worked through the problems presented by trying to mass-produce bombs that were to be filled with a deadly biological agent, the production line was essentially ready to operate.
Nevius was considered conscientious, so much so that at one point the Army wanted to replace him; this resulted in Baldwin resigning his position and becoming an "advisor" to the U.S. BW program.
By the time the plant was ready to produce the simulant the end of
Demilitarization
The plant remained on standby to produce "highly classified material" and in February 1947 four areas of the plant were declared restricted.
Pfizer's ownership
After the lease agreement, and later the sale of the plant,[5] was finalized the company transferred John E. McKeen to the Vigo site in 1948 in preparation for the production of streptomycin.[3] The main objective of Pfizer's Vigo operation in the years after the war was the production of veterinary antibiotics.[5] The large fermenters were used during the period after the war to produce penicillin but afterwards sat dormant for decades.[4] Of the areas at Vigo not utilized by Pfizer, most were left undisturbed.[4] Adjacent to the old BW buildings the company constructed their own facilities for drug manufacturing.[4]
After operating the Vigo plant since 1948 Pfizer announced in October 2007 that 600 of the plant's 750 employees would be placed on paid leave.
Russian tour
Per a 1994 arms-control agreement between the United States and Russia each nation was permitted to inspect three sites in the other country that it suspected were biological warfare facilities.
See also
- Fort Detrick
- Fort Terry
- Granite Peak Installation
- Horn Island Testing Station
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center
Notes
- ^ ISBN 080505765X).
- Inside Indiana Business, November 10, 2008, accessed January 11, 2009.
- ^ ISBN 0738524069).
- ^ ISBN 0312203535).
- ^ Meselson, Matthew. "Bioterror: What Can Be Done?", The New York Review of Books, Volume 48, Number 20, December 20, 2001, accessed January 11, 2009.
- ^ See also: M114 bomb.
- ^ ISBN 0231129424).
- ^ a b c Greninger, Howard. "Pfizer resolves contractual issues tied to Exubera, Nektar Therapeutics", Tribune-Star, November 13, 2007, accessed January 11, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Staff. "Pfizer puts closed Terre Haute plant up for sale", Associated Press via Chicago Tribune, November 10, 2008, accessed January 11, 2009.
- ^ a b Editorial board. "Pfizer’s track record provides ray of hope on sad day", (Editorial), Tribune-Star, October 18, 2007, accessed January 11, 2009.
- ^ ISBN 0060011416).
External links
- Records of Chemical Plants, National Archives, Records of the Chemical Warfare Service, Guide to Federal Records, accessed January 11, 2009.