Volvopluteus

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Volvopluteus
Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Pluteaceae
Genus: Volvopluteus
Vizzini, Contu & Justo, (2011)
Type species
Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
(DC.) Vizzini, Contu & Justo (2011)
Species

V. asiaticus
V. earlei
V. gloiocephalus
V. michiganensis

Volvopluteus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is ovate or flat
Hymenium is free
Stipe has a volva
Spore print is pink to pinkish-brown
Ecology is
saprotrophic
Edibility is edible, but unpalatable or unknown

Volvopluteus is a

mushrooms growing worldwide. The genus has been segregated from Volvariella with which it shares some morphological characteristics such as the presence of a volva and a pink to pink-brown spore print.[1] Phylogenetic analyses of DNA data have shown that Volvopluteus is closely related to Pluteus and both genera currently are classified in the family Pluteaceae, while Volvariella is not closely related to either genus[2] and its position in the Agaricales is still uncertain.[1]

Etymology

Volvopluteus literally means "Pluteus with a volva", making reference at the same time to the close relationship between both genera and to the presence of a volva, one of the morphological characteristics that separates them.[1]

Description

Macroscopic characters

Volvopluteus fruit bodies vary from relatively small (cap 25 mm (1.0 in) in diameter) to large (cap 150 mm (5.9 in) in diameter), are pluteoid (i.e. with free lamellae and discontinuous context of cap and stipe[3]) and have a membranous white volva at the base of the stipe. The cap is ovate when young and then expands to convex or flat, it is always viscid to gelatinous when fresh and has white, grey or grey-brown color. The gills are free from the stipe and they start out as white but they soon change to pink and then pinkish-brown as the spores are being produced. The stipe is centrally attached to the cap, more or less cylindrical, white and with a smooth or slightly pruinose surface and it has white membranous volva at the base. The odor and taste are often reported as raphanoid (radish-like) or similar to that of raw potatoes in V. gloiocephalus. The spore print is pink or pinkish-brown.[1]

Microscopic characters

Basidiospores
of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus
Pileipellis (ixocutis) of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus

The

Clamp connections are absent from hyphae in all parts of the fruit body.[1]

Ecology

All species of Volvopluteus are saprotrophs, and grow terrestrially in gardens, grassy fields (in or outside forests) and on accumulations of vegetable matter (compost, wood chips).[1]

Classification

The type species, Volvopluteus gloiocephalus, has been traditionally included in the genus Volvariella.

polyphyletic: (i) the bulk of the genus, including the paddy-straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea, is not closely related to Pluteus and (ii) the group of species around Volvariella gloiocephala forms a separate lineage that constitutes the sister group of Pluteus. The name Volvopluteus was then proposed to accommodate the latter group.[1]

Volvopluteus differs from Volvariella morphologically by the average spore length over 11 μm and the

hyphae embedded in a conspicuous gelatinous matrix. The same characters and the presence of a volva separate Volvopluteus from Pluteus. All three genera are characterized by the pink to pink-brown spore prints and inverse hymenophoral trama
.

Distribution

The genus is

continents except Antarctica.[4]

Edibility

Volvopluteus gloiocephalus is edible although is cited as mediocre or of poor quality.[7] Young specimens of V. gloiocephalus have white gills so it is possible to mistake them for an Amanita and vice versa.

The edibility of other species of the genus is not known.

Species

Phylogenetic relationships among the species Volvopluteus as inferred from ITS data. Based on the results presented by Justo et al.[8]

Four species are currently accepted in the genus:

Other species that probably belong in Volvopluteus based on their morphological characteristics:

All these species are only known from their respective original descriptions, making it very difficult to establish if they represent independent

taxa. For this reason they have not been formally reclassified in the genus Volvopluteus.[1]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 21215950
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 12099793
    .
  3. ISBN 90-6191-859-6
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 3-87429-254-1
    .
  5. ISBN 90-6191-971-1
    .
  6. PMID 17486974
    . Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  7. ISBN 978-0-520-27108-1
    .
  8. S2CID 1719751
    .


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