Walter Burley Griffin
Walter Burley Griffin | |
---|---|
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | |
Occupation | Architect |
Years active | 1890s–1930s |
Known for | Prairie School |
Notable work | Design/plan of Canberra, Australia and Griffith, Australia |
Spouse | Marion Mahony Griffin (m. 1911) |
Walter Burley Griffin (November 24, 1876 – February 11, 1937) was an American architect and
Influenced by the Chicago-based Prairie School, Griffin developed a unique modern style in partnership with his wife Marion Mahony Griffin. In 28 years they designed over 350 buildings, landscape and urban-design projects as well as designing construction materials, interiors, furniture and other household items.
Early life
Griffin was born in 1876 in
Griffin chose to study architecture, and, in 1899, completed his bachelor's degree in architecture at the
Chicago career
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After his studies, Griffin moved to Chicago and was employed as a draftsman for two years in the offices of progressive architects
In July 1901, Griffin passed the new Illinois architects' licensing examination and this permitted him to enter private practice as an architect. He began working in
In 1906, he resigned his position at Wright's studio and established his own practice at Steinway Hall.[1] Griffin and Wright had fallen out over events following Mr. Wright's trip to Japan in 1905. While Wright was away for five months, Griffin ran the practice. When Wright returned, he told Griffin that he had overstepped his responsibilities, completing several of Wright's jobs, and sometimes substituting his own building designs. Further, Wright had borrowed money from Griffin to pay for his travels abroad, and then he tried to pay off his debts to Griffin with prints he had acquired in Japan. It became clear to Griffin then that Wright would not make Griffin a partner in his business.
Griffin's first independent commission was a landscape design for the State Normal School at Charleston, Illinois, that became Eastern Illinois University. In the fall of 1906, he received his first residential job from Harry Peters. The Peters' House was the first house designed with an L-shaped or open floor plan. The L-shape was an economical design and easily constructed. From 1907 to 1914, several houses designed by Griffin were built on the far southwest side of Chicago in the city's Beverly and Morgan Park, Chicago neighborhoods. In 1981, the city of Chicago granted landmark status to 13 of these Prairie-style bungalows in Beverly along the 1700 block of West 104th Place, 12 blocks of Longwood Drive between West 98th and 110th Streets, and three blocks of Seeley Avenue. With seven of these houses being located on West 104th Place—comprising the largest concentration of original prairie style homes built in Chicago—the street as it runs between Hale Avenue on the west to Prospect Avenue on the east was designated the Griffin Place Historic District, which comprises a part of the larger Ridge Historic District.
In 1911, Griffin developed 'Solid Rock' house for William F. Tempel in Winnetka, Illinois. It was the first house built by Griffin in his mature style and of reinforced concrete.[1]
On June 29, 1911, Griffin married Marion Lucy Mahony, a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in architecture. She was employed first in Wright's office, and then by Hermann V. von Holst, who had taken over Wright's work in America when Wright left for Europe in 1909. Marion Mahony recommended to von Holst that he hire Griffin to develop a landscape plan for the area surrounding the three houses on Millikin Place for which Wright had been hired in Decatur, Illinois. Mahony and Griffin worked closely on the Decatur project immediately before their marriage.
After their marriage, Mahony went to work in Griffin's practice.
From 1899 to 1914, Griffin created more than 130 designs in his Chicago office for buildings, urban plans and landscapes; half of these were built in the mid-western states of Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Wisconsin.[1]
The relationship between Griffin and Frank Lloyd Wright cooled in the years following Griffin's departure from Wright's firm in 1906. With Walter and Marion's wedding, Wright started to feel they were "against him". After the Griffins' win in the Australian federal capital design competition, and resultant front-page coverage in The New York Times, Wright and Griffin never spoke to each other again. In later years, whenever Griffin was brought up in conversation Wright would downplay his achievements and refer to him as a draftsman.[4]
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William H. Emery, Jr. House, 1903
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Frederick Carter House 1910
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Page House, 1912
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Blythe-Rule House, 1913
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Ralph Griffin House, 1913
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Melson House, 1914
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Blythe House, 1914
Canberra
In April 1911, the
I have planned a city that is not like any other in the world. I have planned it not in a way that I expected any government authorities in the world would accept. I have planned an ideal city – a city that meets my ideal of the city of the future.[5]
In 1913, Griffin was invited by the Commonwealth Government to Australia to inspect the site that was to become
Griffin was offered the position of head of the department of architecture at the
With the outbreak of
The pace of building was slower than expected, partly because of a lack of funds and partly because of continued disputation between Griffin and Commonwealth Government bureaucrats. Many of Griffin's design ideas were attacked by both the architectural profession and the press. In 1917, a
Griffin designed several buildings for Canberra, none of which was built. The grave of General Bridges on Mount Pleasant[11] was the only permanent structure designed by him to be built in Canberra.
Aside from the city's design, Griffin's longest-living legacy is the plantation of Redwood trees (
Later career
The Griffins' office in Chicago closed in 1917; however, they had successful practices in
In 1916 and 1917, Griffin developed a patented modular concrete construction system known as "Knitlock" for use in the construction of Canberra. No Knitlock buildings were ever built in Canberra, although several were built in Australia. The first were built on Griffin's property in
In 1919, the Griffins founded the Greater Sydney Development Association (GSDA), and in 1921 purchased 259 ha of land in
Other work the Griffins did during this time included the Melbourne subdivisions of Glenard[15] (where the Griffins built their own Knitlock house "Pholiota") and Mount Eagle[16] at Eaglemont, and the Ranelagh Estate in Mount Eliza Victoria 1924. The Ranelagh Estate was listed on the Victorian State Heritage Register (H01605) in 2005 as a significant example of a country estate. Prior to 1920 the Griffins also designed the New South Wales towns of Leeton and Griffith.[17] Griffin and architect J Burcham Clamp designed a large tomb built at Waverley Cemetery, Sydney, between 1914 and 1916 for James Stuart, which still stands as a good example of Griffin's sense of 'human-scale monumentality'.[18]
The Griffins participated in the celebrated Chicago
In the 1920s, the Griffins prepared plans for the Milleara Estate (also known as City View) at
Incinerators
During the financial hardship of the Great Depression, in the 1930s Griffin designed incinerators, collaborating with the Reverberatory Incinerator and Engineering Company (RIECo), in conjunction with his friend and business partner, Eric Nicholls.[20] He was responsible for twelve incinerator designs between 1930 and 1938, of which seven still survive. They are located at:
- Willoughby, New South Wales
- Glebe, New South Wales
- Ipswich, Queensland
- Essendon, Victoria
- Hindmarsh, South Australia
- Thebarton, South Australia
- Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
The Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Ipswich, Queensland is listed on the Queensland Heritage Register and has been converted into a theatre.[22] Another incinerator was built in the suburb of Pyrmont, not far from the centre of Sydney. This incinerator was considered for heritage listing but was demolished in 1992 because it was in irredeemably bad condition.[23]
India
During their time at the GSDA, the Griffins became more involved in anthroposophy,[24] and in 1935 through contacts in the movement Griffin won a commission to design the library at the University of Lucknow in Lucknow, India.
Although he had planned to stay in India only to complete the drawings for the library, he soon received more than 40 commissions, including the
Griffin was inspired by the architecture and culture of India, modifying forms as "he sought to create a modern Indian architecture ... Griffin was able to expand his aesthetic vocabulary to create an exuberant, expressive architecture reflecting both the 'stamp of the place' and the 'spirit of the times'".[28] While in India, Griffin also published numerous articles for the Pioneer, writing about architecture, in particular about ventilation design improvements. Marion joined Walter in Lucknow in April 1936 to collaborate on several projects.
Death and burial in India
Griffin died of
Legacy
Griffin was largely under-appreciated during his time in Australia, but since his death recognition of his work has steadily grown. In 1964, when Canberra's central lake was filled, as Griffin had intended, Prime Minister Robert Menzies declined to have the lake named after himself. Instead he named it Lake Burley Griffin, making it the first "monument" in Canberra dedicated to the city's designer ("Burley" was included in the name because of the ongoing misconception that it was part of Griffin's surname). Burley Griffin Way is a 276 km road linking Griffith, Temora, Harden, Binalong to the Hume highway west of Bowning, 10 km northwest of Yass.
Architectural drawings and other archival materials by and about the Griffins are held by numerous institutions in the United States, including the Drawings and Archives Department of
In his own words
"I am what may be termed a naturalist in architecture. I do not believe in any school of architecture. I believe in architecture that is the logical outgrowth of the environment in which the building in mind is to be located" From The New York Times, Sunday June 2, 1912[30]
Major works
India
- Library in University of Lucknow, in Lucknow city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India
- Dr Bhatia's Residence, still extant in Lucknow city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India
United States
- G.B. Cooley House, 1908 South Grand St., Monroe, Louisiana
- Alfred W. Hebert House Remodeling, 1902, Evanston, Illinois
- W.H. Emery House, 1903, Elmhurst, Illinois
- Adolph Mueller House, 1906
- John Dickinson House (part of the Eden Rift Estate Winery), 10034 Cienega Road Hollister, California 1906
- Mary H. Bovee Apartment, 1907
- John Gauler House, 5917-5921 N. Magnolia Ave., Chicago, Illinois, 1908
- William S. Orth House, 1908, Winnetka, Illinois
- Edmund C. Garrity House, 1909
- Ralph Griffin House, 1909, Edwardsville, Illinois
- Edmund C. Garrity House, 1712 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1909
- William B. Sloan House, 1910
- Frank N. Olmstead House, 1624 W. 100th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1910
- Harry N. Tolles House, 10561 S. Longwood Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 1911
- Harry G. Van Nostrand House, 1666 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1911
- Russell L. Blount House I, 1724 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1911
- Benjamin J. and Mabel T. Ricker House, 1510 Broad Street, Grinnell, Iowa, 1911-1912
- Joshua Melson House, 1912, Mason City, Iowa
- Russel L. Blount House II, 1950 W. 102nd Street, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913
- Jenkinson House, 1727 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913
- Walter D. Salmon House, 1736 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1912–1913
- Newland House, 1737 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, 1913
- Ida E. Williams House, W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1913
- William R. Hornbaker House, 1710 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1914
- James Frederic Clarke House, 1731 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Von Nostrand plans, built by Blount), 1913
- Harry C. Furneaux House, 1741 W. 104th Place, Chicago, Illinois, (based on the Salmon House plans, built by Blount), 1913
- James Blyth House, Mason City, Iowa
- Stinson Memorial Library, Anna, Illinois
Australia
- Canberra plan, 1914–1920
- Leeton town plan, 1914
- Griffith town plan, 1914
- Eaglemont town plan, 1915
- Paris Theatre, Sydney, 1915 (demolished 1981)
- Newman College, University of Melbourne, 1916–1918
- Café Australia, Melbourne, 1916
- Pholiota, in Eaglemont, Victoria 1920[31]
- Capitol Theatre, Melbourne1924
- Palais de danse, St Kilda 1925 (destroyed by fire)
- Leonard House, Elizabeth Street Melbourne 1925 (demolished)
- Ranelagh, town plan, 1924
- Langi Flats, Toorak1925-26
- Castlecrag, suburb plan, 1925
- Fishwick House, completed in 1929[32]
- Lake Daylesford, completed 1929
- Castle Cove, suburb plan, 1930
- Willoughby Incinerator, completed 1932[33]
- Duncan House (Castlecrag), completed 1934[34]
- Eric Pratten House, in Pymble, Sydney, completed 1936[35]
- Hindmarsh Incinerator, South Australia, completed 1936[36]
- Pyrmont Incinerator, completed 1936 (demolished 1992)
- Thebarton Incinerator, South Australia, completed 1937[37]
- Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Ipswich, completed 1992[22]
Gallery
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Newman College,Melbourne
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Newman College: interior of the dining room
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Capitol Theatre, Melbourne
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Grave ofGeneral Bridges in Canberra
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The incinerator in the suburb of Brompton, South Australia, known by the name of the adjacent suburb, Hindmarsh
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The incinerator in the suburb of Thebarton, South Australia
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Griffin & Griffin 1998, pp. 4–7.
- ^ "Marion Mahony". PBS. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
- ^ Walter Burley Griffin – Mason City at www.pbs.org
- ^ Paul kruty at www.pbs.org
- ^ Griffin's letter to the New York Times (June 2, 1912), reprinted in The writings of Walter Burley Griffin, ed. Dustin Griffin (Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2008), p. 23.
- ISBN 0-644-08060-4.
- ^ Vernon, Christopher; National Archives of Australia; National Library of Australia (2013), The dream of a century : the Griffins in Australia's capital, Canberra National Library of Australia, retrieved April 9, 2018
- ^ Vernon, C., (2002), 'Griffin, Walter Burley', in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds), Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, South Melbourne, Oxford University Press, pp. 275–76.
- ^ Vernon, C., (1997), 'Griffin and Australian flora', Australian Garden History, 8 (5), pp. 10–11.
- ^ An Ideal City – Timeline Archived October 15, 2005, at the Wayback Machine at www.idealcity.org.au
- ^ 35°17′54″S 149°09′31″E / 35.2982°S 149.1586°E
- ^ 35°19′13″S 149°12′36″E / 35.3203°S 149.2100°E
- ISSN 0155-2716
- ^ Henry George Club – Home Page Archived February 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine at www.hgclub.com.au
- ^ "Victorian Heritage Database". vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au. January 5, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "Victorian Heritage Database". vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au. January 5, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ "The City Plan of Griffith". Irrigation Record. Vol. 3, no. 6. New South Wales, Australia. June 1, 1915. p. 1. Retrieved April 9, 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Tomb by Burley Griffin sheds darkness and light", Sydney Morning Herald, July 21, 1998
- ^ Solomonson 2003, p. 155.
- ISBN 0 333 22928 2
- ^ "Willoughby Council Website". Archived from the original on April 2, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ a b "Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator (former) (entry 600596)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
- ^ "City of Sydney Website". Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ Paull, John (2012) "Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahoney Griffin, Architects of Anthroposophy", Journal of Bio-dynamics Tasmania, 106:20-30.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 23, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "Walter Burley Griffin Society, Inc., Walter Burley Griffin". Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
- ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography, Griffin, Walter Burley (1876–1937)
- ^ Kruty, Paul & Maldre, Mati, Walter Burley Griffin in America, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996, pp. 76–81
- ^ Vernon, Christopher 'Let's Not Forget the Griffins', The Canberra Times, Panorama magazine, May 17, 2014 p6, from Australian Design Review, April 2013.
- ^ NEW YORK TIMES ON GRIFFIN & HIS PLAN at www.library.cornell.edu
- ^ "Victorian Heritage Database". vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au. June 26, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- .
- .
- .
- .
- ^ Building Details - Architects of South Australia > Hindmarsh Incinerator Accessed May 13, 2014.
- ^ Building Details - Architects of South Australia > Thebarton Incinerator Accessed May 13, 2014.
Works cited
- Griffin, Marion Mahony; Griffin, Walter Burley (1998). Beyond Architecture: Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin : America, Australia, India. University of Illinois Press. OCLC 40398084.
- Solomonson, Katherine (2003). The Chicago Tribune Tower Competition: Skyscraper Design and Cultural Change in the 1920s. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76800-7.
General references
- Birrell, James. 1964. Walter Burley Griffin. University of Queensland Press
- Gebhard, David & Gerald Mansheim, Buildings of Iowa, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993
- Gebhard, David. "The Suburban House and the Automobile." The Car and the city: The Automobile, the Built Environment and Daily Urban Life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991: 106,123.
Griffin, Dustin, ed., The Writings of Walter Burley Griffin (Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2008).
- Kruty, Paul. 2000. Griffin, Walter Burley. American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press
- MacMahon, Bill (2001). The Architecture of East Australia. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 3-930698-90-0.
- Mason City Iowa, An Architectural Heritage, Department of Community Development, City of Mason, Iowa, 1977
- Maldre, Mati and Paul Kruty, Walter Burley Griffin in America, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 1996
- McGregor, Alasdair, 'Grand Obsessions: The life and work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Penguin/Lantern, Camberwell, Victoria, 2009
- Walker, M., Kabos, A. and ISBN 0-646-18133-5)
- Wilson, Richard Guy and Sidney K. Robinson, The Prairie School in Iowa, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1977
Further reading
- Brooks, H. Allen, Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie School, Braziller (in association with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum), New York 1984; ISBN 0-8076-1084-4
- Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School, W.W. Norton, New York 2006; ISBN 0-393-73191-X
- Brooks, H. Allen (editor), Prairie School Architecture: Studies from "The Western Architect", University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo 1975; ISBN 0-8020-2138-7
- Brooks, H. Allen, The Prairie School: Frank Lloyd Wright and his Midwest Contemporaries, University of Toronto Press, Toronto 1972; ISBN 0-8020-5251-7
- Griffin, Dustin (editor), The Writings of Walter Burley Griffin, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne 2008; ISBN 978-0-521-89713-6
[Move this book from "Further Reading" to "General References."
- Townsend, Danielle, ed. (December 2008). "Walter Burley Griffin Lodge". Australian Period Style (3). Universal Magazines: 80–85. ISSN 1441-5259.
- Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (July 1914). "The March of the Cities: A Young American Architect Building A New Capital For Australia". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV (2): 351–352. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
- McGregor, Alasdair, 'Grand Obsessions: The life and work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin', Penguin/Lantern, Camberwell, Victoria, 2009 ISBN 978-1-920989-38-5
- Turnbull, J. and Navaretti, P. (eds), The Griffins in Australia and India: the complete works of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, Miegunyah Press, Melbourne 1998; ISBN 0-5228-4830-3
External links
- Walter Burley Griffin Society (Australia) Archived May 21, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin architectural drawings, circa 1909-1937.Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.
- The Griffin Legacy, National Capital Authority
- Imagining Canberra in Chicago from the ABC
- Reading the past in the Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator and Fishwick House at Willoughby, NSW (educational resources)
- Castlecrag Progress Association
- "Paris Theatre". Dictionary of Sydney. Dictionary of Sydney Trust. 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2015.[CC-By-SA]
- Great Buildings Online: works of Walter Burley Griffin (includes links to W.H. Emery House, 1903; Ralph Griffin House, 1909; Adolph Mueller House, 1906; Joshua Melson House, 1912; and Stinson Memorial Library, 1913)
- Walter Burley Giffiin, The Prairie School of Architecture
- Stinson Memorial Public Library (includes history of Stinson Library construction)
- The Walter Burley Griffin Society of America
- Mary Mahoney Griffin's Manuscript, The Magic of America: Ryerson & Burnham Libraries: Archives Collection
- Walter Burley Griffin at Find a Grave
National Library of Australia:
- Eric Milton Nicholls collection
- Papers of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony collected by Eric Nicholls, 1900–1947
- The Donald Leslie Johnson collection of Walter and Marion Griffin documents, 1901–1988
- The work of Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin in Melbourne, 1975 a collection of photographs by Wolfgang Sievers of works by Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin taken in 1975
Online exhibitions
- Walter Burley Griffin: in his own right, Public Broadcasting Service
- An Ideal City? The 1912 Competition to Design Canberra an online exhibition developed by the National Archives of Australia, National Library of Australia and the National Capital Authority