West Side, Chicago
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The West Side is one of the three major sections of the city of
The West Side has gone through many transitions in its ethnic and socioeconomic makeup due to its historic role as a gateway for immigrants and migrants as well as its role for funneling poorer African-American residents away from the wealthier lakeside neighborhoods and central business district.
There are a range of services available on the West Side, especially educational, cultural, and medical institutions. The
Boundaries
As with the other sides of the city, there is no consensus as to the exact boundaries of the West Side. The city's annexation of land beyond the original western border at Wood Street gave way to the development of the West Side.
The most commonly referenced borders by officials that are assigned to the West Side are North Avenue to the north and 31st Street to the south.[11] The western border is where the edge of the city meets the western suburbs of Oak Park and Cicero. These two suburbs border the communities of Austin, Lawndale, and Little Village. The eastern border is often the most disputed border by residents, real estate brokers, and city officials.[12] While some will claim Western Avenue is the eastern border, those in the communities east of Western Avenue such as West Town, the Near West Side, and Pilsen have more historical and cultural ties to the West Side and the central, inner city area more so than to the North Side or South Side. In certain texts, the communities within West Town and Pilsen are grouped together as the Near Northwest Side and Near Southwest Side respectively.[13] Therefore, using the Chicago River as an eastern border of the West Side becomes suitable. Regardless of how the boundaries are defined, the West Side is the smallest in area of the three sections of the city, with an area of approximately 34.7 square miles.[14]
Community areas and neighborhoods
According to the city's official division of its 77 community areas, nine community areas compose the West Side: West Town, the Near West Side, the Lower West Side, Humboldt Park, East Garfield Park, West Garfield Park, North Lawndale, South Lawndale, and Austin. Within these community areas are smaller neighborhoods, some of which match the community area's name and boundaries, and some of which do not use the community area's name at all. The three main community areas that do not match their colloquial neighborhood names are the Lower West Side, which is widely known as Pilsen; North Lawndale, which is simply known as Lawndale; and South Lawndale, which is widely known as Little Village.
Neighborhoods within these community areas include East Ukrainian Village, Ukrainian Village, Noble Square, Pulaski Park, The Patch, and Wicker Park within West Town; Fifth City within East Garfield Park; Heart of Chicago within the Lower West Side; The Island within Austin; University Village, Greektown, Little Italy, and Tri-Taylor within the Near West Side; Homan Square and K-Town within North Lawndale; Marshall Square within South Lawndale; and West Humboldt Park within Humboldt Park.
Demographics
A majority of the West Side's
According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the West Side has a total of 480,687 residents, making it the least populated of the three main sections of the city. However, its population density is very high at 13,852 residents per square mile. In 2010, 44% of residents were non-Hispanic Black, 34% were Latino or Hispanic, and 17% were non-Hispanic white.
Population density and income demographics[18][19]
Community Area | Population Density | Per-Capita Income | Households Below Poverty Level |
---|---|---|---|
West Town | 17,972/sq. mile | $39,596 | 15.7% |
Near West Side | 09,653/sq. mile | $41,488 | 21.6% |
Lower West Side | 12,227/sq. mile | $15,467 | 27.2% |
Humboldt Park | 15,626/sq. mile | $13,391 | 32.6% |
East Garfield Park | 10,636/sq. mile | $13,596 | 39.7% |
West Garfield Park | 13,910/sq. mile | $10,951 | 40.3% |
North Lawndale | 11,187/sq. mile | $12,548 | 38.6% |
South Lawndale | 17,269/sq. mile | $10,697 | 28.1% |
Austin | 13,783/sq. mile | $15,920 | 27.0% |
Chicago | 11,844/sq. mile | $27,148 | 18.7% |
History
Previous to the European and U.S. exploration, colonization, and capture of the land of Chicago and the West Side, the area was home to indigenous populations including the Cahokian, Potawatomi, Sauk, and Miami. Through legal trickery such as the Treaty of Chicago, U.S. government officials were able to obtain land around Lake Michigan.
1830s to late 19th century
When Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1834, settlers only lived as far west as Jefferson Street or Halsted Street, less than a half mile west of the Chicago River.[20] Land plotters and wealthier newcomers were more interested in developing land north and south of the original settlement because this land was adjacent to Lake Michigan.[21] As the central business district grew, retail stores set up shop along Lake Street, connecting the central business district with the slower-developing western part of the city. As Lake Street became a bustling thoroughfare throughout the 1840s and 1850s, wealthier residents decided to establish an affluent community on the West Side that could be a retreat from the bustling city center.[22] This was the impetus for the creation of Union Park. As the 1860s came, less affluent residents replaced the wealthier families around Union Park and increased immigration from Europe transformed the Near West Side into an ethnically diverse area. Chicago's first Black community along Kinzie Street and Lake Street became adjacent to an Irish community by the river, as well as German, French, Czech, and Bohemian communities. Polish immigrants settled further north along the river in West Town to work at factories and on the railroad.
The area was transformed by the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, which made 300,000 residents of the city homeless. The resulting migration toward other parts of the city created very densely populated and overcrowded areas on the Near West Side.[23] Most of the Czech and Bohemian residents moved south establishing the neighborhood of Pilsen, named after the city of Plzeň in the Czech Republic.[24] The fire also began migration into the Lawndale neighborhood, which had advertised itself as a residential suburb with fireproof apartment buildings.
Immigration from Europe continued in the area at a rapid rate, and the older Irish and German community became eclipsed by newer Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland. Large numbers of Italian and Greek immigrants began arriving in the area too.[25] The Jewish immigrants settled between 12th Street, now Roosevelt Road, and 16th Street, centering the community and businesses along Maxwell Street. The Maxwell Street Market continued from this time through the 20th century as an important economic and cultural center for the city. Italian immigrants settled along Polk Street and Taylor Street, establishing Chicago's main Little Italy. Greek immigrants centered their settlement at Harrison Street, Halsted Street, and Blue Island Avenue, calling their community "The Delta." As immigration continued, the area became unhealthily overcrowded, resulting in dilapidated tenements and pollution.[26] These poorer residents also lacked health services from the city. This situation was to be addressed by the creation of the Hull House settlement by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. Hull House was a settlement house that provided a range of services to the residents of the West Side.[27] A playground, a gymnasium, and language classes were provided for children, and services were provided for employment, garbage removal, and art programs. Hull House became a center of the Italian and Greek communities, however Black residents of the Near West Side weren't as welcome to use the services of Hull House and had to rely on finding or creating other community services.[28]
Early to mid-20th century
As the 20th century began, Chicago had already annexed land west of Western Avenue, greatly increasing the West Side. East Garfield Park, West Garfield Park, and Humboldt Park had been sparsely populated throughout the late 19th century, but the addition of transportation infrastructure increased the population quickly.[29] In 1892, the first elevated train line was constructed on the South Side and a year later, the Lake Street Elevated Railroad opened, providing transportation service from the city center to the West Side.[30] In 1895, the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Railroad opened, which provided elevated train service down Harrison Street on its Garfield Park branch and also elevated train service down North Avenue on its Humboldt Park branch.[31] Elements of these elevated train lines are used today for the CTA Green Line and Blue Line. Industry began to dominate this area further west. Sears, Roebuck and Company was founded in 1893, and in 1906 built its merchandise and catalog center in Lawndale near the intersection of Homan Avenue and Arthington Street. The North Western Railway had thousands of their employees establish a community in West Garfield Park.[32] At this point, the West Side had immigrant industrial employees from all over Europe. There was a Polish majority in West Town; the Danish, Norwegians, and Russian Jews populated Humboldt Park, and Italians were in East Garfield Park. However, a dramatic change in the city's population occurred with the Great Migration of Blacks from the Southern United States into the urban North.
In 1910, Chicago's Black population was at 40,000, most of these people being concentrated on the South Side in an area known as the Black Belt. By 1940, the Black population rose to 278,000, and more of these residents increasingly lived on the West Side.
1960s to 21st century
White flight and blockbusting drastically changed the demographics of the West Side by the 1950s. Throughout this decade, many white Chicagoans moved to the suburbs in a planned move by investors who, through scare tactics and instigating racial antagonism, encouraged white Chicagoans to sell their city homes and buy homes the investors built in the suburbs.
During the late 1960s, the Illinois chapter of the
As the 1970s began, Humboldt Park suffered from poverty, crime, and gangs, leading to another uprising in 1977. To combat this, Puerto Rican community members across the West Side created social service organizations such as the Latin American Defense Organization (LADO) and the Segundo Ruiz Belvis Cultural Center.[48] The Young Lords, a former street turf gang from Lincoln Park, turned into a human liberation group, becoming warriors for the community by fighting further displacement and holding sit-ins at the Wicker Park Welfare Office and takeovers of institutions to implement free breakfast programs similar to the Black Panther Party.[49] In Pilsen, Mexican-Americans and Chicanos reclaimed the area as La Diesiocho because of the 18th Street business corridor. Pilsen became a large center for mural painting by those part of the Chicano movement and for those attempting to shift the view of Pilsen as a dangerous community.[50] La Villita, the neighborhood to the west of Pilsen and Heart of Chicago was being populated by even more Mexican-Americans, and the business corridor along 26th Street became the busiest after the Loop.[51]
During the 1980s and 1990s, the communities of the West Side continued to struggle, but hopes were being held together by social organizations, movements, and programs. The election of Mayor Harold Washington in 1983 gave hope to the West Side, especially since his election opened the door for more political representation, but his sudden death in 1987 was viewed as a serious blow to Chicago's entire Black community.[52] Six years later, Washington's unofficial floor leader in the city council, Puerto Rican Chicagoan Luis Gutiérrez, was elected to the U.S. Congress as the Midwest's first Latino representative in Congress.
Chicago's homicides reached peak numbers in the early 1990s in Humboldt Park, Austin, Lawndale, and Garfield Park.[53] As numbers began to go down throughout the 1990s, another round of displacement began to take hold. Major gentrification efforts in the Near West Side and West Town began, where corporate investors supported the addition of high-end businesses and luxury-style residential condos.[54] Property taxes rose thus raising rents, forcing poorer Puerto Rican and Black residents to move yet again.[55]
As the 2000s began, Pilsen began to see more major gentrification efforts. However, the community put up a substantial fight against this displacement process and gentrification progressed more slowly. During this time, the ABLA homes were demolished along with the Henry Horner Homes and Rockwell Gardens. Some of these areas have been replaced with new housing developments with the intended purpose of creating mixed-income communities. However, these areas are now mainly populated by younger, white, middle-class to upper-middle class professionals whom have been displacing the poorer residents at a rapid rate. In 2014, Redfin named Humboldt Park to be the nation's 10th hottest neighborhood, demonstrating high interest in gentrifying the community.[56][57]
The new Chicago High School for the Arts has moved from the South Side into the closed Lafayette Elementary building in Humboldt Park near a growing community of gentrifiers.[58] A new Pete's Fresh Market has been opened at Western Avenue and Madison Street, helping a long-time food desert; however, the poorer residents of the neighborhood are being displaced into other neighborhoods that are currently food deserts.[59]
Community events
The West Side is home to the Puerto Rican Parade and Festival or Fiestas Puertorriqueñas held annually along Division Street and Paseo Boricua in Humboldt Park. The new Chicago Westside Music Festival occurs annually in Garfield Park.[60] Festa Italiana occurs every year in Little Italy, near the location of the Taste of Greektown. In Little Village, the Festival de la Villita takes place along 26th Street celebrating the community as well as a Mexican Independence Day Parade. Another Mexican Independence Day Parade takes place in Pilsen along 18th Street.[61] The Austin Town Hall in South Austin hosts a multitude of events such as plays and concerts.
With the advent of gentrification on the West Side, many recent festivals have been created by newer residents such as Wicker Park Fest and the Pitchfork Music Festival in Union Park. More recently, an event called Riot Fest has been held in Humboldt Park since 2012, but has since moved to Douglass Park after controversy among Puerto Rican event organizers who were denied things that Riot Fest had received, such as alcohol permits for the Fiestas Puertorriqueñas.[62] This controversy along with the protests against the festival's location in Humboldt Park have prompted festival coordinators to move Riot Fest to Douglass Park, another West Side park, causing further protest and backlash by longtime Lawndale and Little Village residents.
Education
Colleges and universities
There are several institutions of higher education throughout the West Side. The largest and most well-known is the
The City Colleges of Chicago operates two colleges on the West Side. In the Near West Side, there is the long-established Malcolm X College. Located on Van Buren Street near Damen Avenue, Malcolm X College is linked to Chicago's first city college Crane Junior College, later Herzl College, which was originally located in Lawndale near Douglass Park. In 1968, the West Side community urged the city to rename the college after Malcolm X, who was assassinated three years earlier. The request was granted, and the school was moved from Lawndale to its present location. In January 2016, Malcolm X College is planning on completing a new, larger facility across the street on Jackson Boulevard with a new health science center and auditorium. The other city college located on the West Side is the Arturo Velasquez West Side Technical Institute, a satellite campus of Richard J. Daley College located near Little Village.[63]
St. Augustine College, the first bilingual institution of higher learning in Illinois,[64] has a campus near Little Village, and another campus immediately north of Humboldt Park, serving Chicago's Spanish-speaking community.
Primary and secondary schools
Chicago Public Schools operates the public schools on the West Side, including many elementary schools. The West Side was heavily affected by Mayor Rahm Emanuel's school closures of 2013.[65]
High schools in the area include
Two selective enrollment high schools are located on the West Side: George Westinghouse College Prep and Whitney M. Young College Prep. Students from all over the city can apply to these schools and admission is based on grades, attendance, and exam scores.
There are many charter schools throughout this section of the city. The Noble Network of Charter Schools operates numerous campuses throughout the West Side, and its original location, Noble Street College Prep, is located in West Town.
The Chicago High School for the Arts has moved from its former location on the South Side in Bronzeville to its new location in the recently closed Lafayette Elementary school near Augusta Boulevard and California Avenue. This gives a new high school option to the new gentrifier white, middle-class residents of the area whose homes are zoned to poorly performing, predominantly Black and Latino-populated high schools such as Wells High School and Clemente High School.[58]
Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos Puerto Rican High School located in Humboldt Park is an alternative school created in the 1970s to remedy the high drop-out rate of Puerto Rican youth in Chicago. The school uses a critical pedagogy to engage students in restoring and empowering their community by teaching students the history of figures such as Pedro Albizu Campos and Oscar López Rivera.[66]
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago operates area Catholic schools, most notably St. Ignatius College Prep.
Political representatives
The West Side, due to its large population and high density, has many political representatives at the city, state, and national level.
Representatives in U.S. Congress[67]
-
Representative Chuy García, 4th district (including Humboldt Park, Pilsen, and Little Village).
-
RepresentativeMike Quigley, 5th district (including West Town).
-
RepresentativeDanny K. Davis, 7th district (including Near West Side, Garfield Park, Lawndale, Austin, Humboldt Park, and Cook County Jail).
Representatives in the Illinois State Senate[68]
Name | District |
---|---|
Antonio Muñoz | 1st |
William Delgado | 2nd |
Kimberly A. Lightford | 4th |
Patricia Van Pelt | 5th |
Martin A. Sandoval | 11th |
Don Harmon | 39th |
Representatives in the Illinois House of Representatives[69]
Name | District |
---|---|
Edward J. Acevedo | 2nd |
Cynthia Soto | 4th |
La Shawn K. Ford | 8th |
Derrick Smith | 10th |
Silvana Tabares | 21st |
Camille Y. Lilly | 78th |
The following wards are representative of the West Side in the Chicago City Council: 1, 2, 12, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37.[70]
Transportation
Due to its proximity to the downtown area, the West Side has extensive mass transit as well as highways and roads. The main highway running through the area is the
The West Side is linked to the rest of the city by several
Major thoroughfares on the West Side include
Museums and cultural institutions
There is a wide range of museums and cultural institutions on the West Side. In West Town, there are many institutions representing the large Polish community in Chicago as well as other Eastern European ethnic groups. The Polish Museum of America, the Ukrainian National Museum, and the Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art are all located in West Town.
The newly reconstructed National Hellenic Museum, the nation's second oldest Greek-American cultural museum,[73] is located in Greektown. Not too far south of the museum is the Hull House Museum and National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame.
In Pilsen, the National Museum of Mexican Art is a nationally recognized museum that offers free admission daily and showcases Mexican art across time and provides professional development to Mexican artists.[74] Further west in Little Village is the Mexican Museum of Culture.
Located within
The
The Chicago Tool Library is headquartered in the area.
Sports
The West Side is home to the United Center sports arena, located near Madison Street and Damen Avenue. The United Center is home for both the Chicago Bulls of the NBA and the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL.
Notable people
The following are notable people from or associated with the West Side:
- Jane Addams, settlement social worker
- Mark Aguirre, basketball player
- L. Frank Baum, author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
- Saul Bellow, writer
- John Belushi, comedian
- Danny Boy, hip-hop artist
- Frances Xavier Cabrini, first U.S. citizen to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church
- Anton Cermak, former mayor of Chicago
- Jesús Chávez, boxer
- Sandra Cisneros, writer
- Mark Clark, defense captain of the Peoriachapter of the Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party
- Crucial Conflict, rap group
- Da Brat, rapper and actress
- hip-hop dancerand rapper
- Stuart Dybek, writer
- Lupe Fiasco, rapper
- Kevin Garnett, basketball player
- Jaslene Gonzalez, model and winner of Cycle 8 of America's Next Top Model
- Benny Goodman, jazz musician
- Fred Hampton, chairman of the Chicago chapter of the Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party
- Wood Harris, actor
- Oglala Lakotachief
- Howlin' Wolf, blues musician
- George Jackson, Black Panther and prisoners organizer, part of Soledad Brothers
- Jonathan Jackson, revolutionary who attempted to free Soledad Brothers from prison
- Ramsey Lewis, jazz musician
- Oscar López Rivera, Puerto Rican nationalist and political prisoner
- Rudy Lozano, Mexican activist and organizer
- Kel Mitchell, actor
- Pat Sajak, television personality
- Horatio Sanz, actor and comedian
- Ellen Gates Starr, settlement social worker
- Marques Sullivan, football player
- Larenz Tate, actor
- Studs Terkel, historian
- Isiah Thomas, basketball player
- Twista, hip hop artist
- Nadine Velazquez, actress
- Dinah Washington, blues musician
- Robert Townsend, Artist
- Saba (rapper) Rapper
- Karimah Westbrook, actress
- Patrick Beverley,NBA basketball player
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