Wikipedia:Articles for creation/2007-04-25

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Dorree (Waldbaum) Lynn, Ph.D. (born August 2, 1941) co-founded The Institute for the Advanced Study of Psychotherapy. Practicing psychologist and published author, she is regarded as an expert in mental health issues for the 50+ generation, which encompasses both the

AARP (CNN): "Sex After Fifty" May, 2005 VH1 Special on Prenuptial Agreements aired March 27, 2006 WEB MD [1] Hearst/Argyle: "Surgery After Fifty" May, 2005 Reporter's Round Table (Channel 16): "Katrina: psychological and mental health recovery" The Jim Bohannon Show (syndicated radio) - Topic: Saging Today Voice of America: "Vietnam Veterans" April, 2005 MSNBC with Rita Cosby October, 2005 Gather.com Feature Article, August 2006 Women of Washington Feature Article, August 2006 Aging News Alert, May 2006

The Triumph of Love over Experience: A Memoir of Remarriage by Wendy Swallow Blended Families by Wendy Swallow Saving Milly by Morton Kondracke Celebrating Single and Getting Love Right by L. Joan Allen, M.A. with Marc Kusinitz, Ph.D. When Smoke Ran Like Water by Devra Davis

Books

When The Man You Love Is Ill: Doing Your Best For Your Partner Without Losing Yourself, 2007 (Avalon) Getting Sane Without Going Crazy, 2000 (Xilbris)

Belkwriter 01:04, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Modus Vivendi Music is a record label and home base for an international collective of producers, DJs and musicians based in Los Angeles, CA, but with a tight though extended network reaching everywhere from Mexico to Germany via Trinidad, Australia and France.

The connection between the diverse personalities that make up Modus Vivendi Music is as much ethical as it is stylistic; it is about electronic, and musical experimentation; it is about the freedom that allows musicians to transcend boundaries by drawing from the endless well of past and future musical diversity, delving into genres ranging from roots reggae to minimal house, from jazz to electro, melding dj’s with acoustic guitars, beatmeisters with singer-songwriters, abstract electro with soulful dub.
In essence, Modus Vivendi Music is about musicians and producers creating forward-thinking future music by any means, technological or traditional, collaborating either at its headquarters in Los Angeles, California, or over the Internet, with artists as far afield as Germany, New York, London or Mexico City.

The core Modus Vivendi Music roster includes: Jesse Rogg aka Golden (Munich, Germany), Julian Brody (Mexico D.F., MX), Eyesight Project (Los Angeles, CA), Sanchez Dub (Mexico D.F., MX), Sam Sparro (Australia & UK), Subatomic Sound System (NY, NY), The SoulWarriors (Munich, Germany), Jah Faith (Trinidad) Monta (Kansas City, KC), B.N. Loco (Tijuana, MX)

mo·dus vi·ven·di [moh-dus vi-ven-dee] 1. way of life; 2. lifestyle.

[Origin: 1875–80 < Latin: modus vivendī mode of living]

Sources

https://www.beatport.com/beatport.php?area=content&event=GetEntity&entityId=314
http://www.properlychilled.com/music/label/profile.php?view=7
http://www.bagpak.net/index.php?cPath=128
http://music.download.com/modusvivendi/3600-8990_32-100095466.html

69.235.37.40 01:10, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Declined. We're sorry, but your article appears to read more like an advertisement than an entry in an encyclopedia. If you still feel that this subject is appropriate for Wikipedia, please rewrite your proposed article in the form of an encyclopedia entry, not an advertisement. Encyclopedia entries should be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of published, verifiable sources, not just to materials produced by the creator of the item being discussed. Bennyboyz3000 10:16, 11 August 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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FrazierArts.com Incorporated, a Mark Frazier company, was incorporated in September of 1999 as a company owned and operated within the Frazier family of Irvine, California. The corporation has done artwork for such companies as PlayBoy Enterprises, Bacardi, Anheuser Bush, Miller Brewing Co, 97.1 Free FM, Hitachi and Bloomingdales. Artwork includes bodypainting, canvas painting, sculpture, photography, and magazine covers.

In September of 2001, on the day of the terrible events in New York, FrazierArts.com's first published magazine cover graced the worst selling PlayBoy issue. After the dust settled, the magazine became the most valued due to the lack of copies in the hands of the public. Since then, Mark Frazier and company have been working hard at expanding the business and have been seen on E! Entertainment's "Girls Next Door" and the soon to air "Holly and Molly" reality tv show.

What sets FrazierArts.com apart from most bodypainting crews is the fact that the corporation believes in respect and personal space. All current and past models have commented on FrazierArts.com's etiquette, noting it as one pf the nicest groups of respectful people they've been professionally been introduced to.

Sources

http://www.frazierarts.com/ http://www.frazierart.com/ http://www.myspace.com/frazierartscom http://www.playboy.com/worldofplayboy/events/halloween2005/14.html http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000JYA8JK/ref=atv_dp_se_1_8/002-4842459-4865604 ((under guest cast Mark Frazier, Susan Frazier, Michael Frazier))

206.211.148.66 01:10, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Sucko the Clown born of the Underground Vaudville and Cabaret Scene that still thrives today in the San Fransico Bay Area. Best known for BAD (unfunny) jokes, poorly executed magic tricks, and a slap schtick routine so brutely; leaving the audience to wonder if the clown in front of them was actually hurt or not. Yet with eveything conventionally against the merit of his performance; he managed to capture his audience and walk away from each show with a generous round of applause.

Sources

2000 SF Fringe Festival 1999 SF in the Street Festival with the Three Legged Puppet Troupe http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=sucko+the+clown

67.188.214.138 01:41, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Copyright violation removedxC | ☎

Sources

http://www.gju.ernet.in/

20.139.14.50 04:19, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Declined. This article appears to be taken from http://www.gju.ernet.in/. We can not accept copyrighted content taken from web sites or printed sources. Note that copyright protection is granted to all works automatically, whether it is asserted or not. Unless stated otherwise, assume that most content on the internet is copyrighted and not suitable for Wikipedia. Please write in your own words, and in continuous prose.xC | ☎ 11:25, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Janine Popick is the CEO and co-founder of VerticalResponse, an email marketing company. Previously, she lead the Direct division of NBC Internet as well as XOOM.com. She also managed direct marketing for Claris, Insignia Solutions, and Symantec Corporation.

She is also a columnist for Inc.com "Women in Business."

Sources

http://www.inc.com/resources/women/jpopick.html 206.57.6.249 04:29, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

• Declined, a short columnist bio blurb is not sufficient source material for a biography, and, as written by someone affiliated with the subject, is also not independent. If you can find more genuinely independent and
  reliable source material, please feel free to resubmit. Seraphimblade ^{Talk to me} 19:45, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply
  ]

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Well he is known on RealestNiggas.net as Chuckg1 and his work is spread through the internetz to other forums. That's all..NIKETALK WAS HERE!

Sources

75.66.29.101 05:03, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Redirect to Scottie Pippen

Sources

Common misspelling

71.111.173.233 07:00, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Redirect created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia!xC | ☎ 11:15, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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George Mavrotas (born

Sources

NTUA's academic web page (http://liee.ntua.gr/gm) Hellenic Olympic Comitee (http://www.hoc.gr) Hellenic Association of Olympic Winners (http://www.olympionikes.gr)

147.102.82.57 09:06, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Article created. Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia!xC | ☎ 11:34, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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The Roman Temple of Jupiter was constructed in the 1st century AD. An inscription on top of a column shaft indicates that it was nearing completion in the year 60. The Great Court was added in the early 2nd century. The temple was unique not only in its great size, but in its Eastern architectural influences and in its financing in large part by non-Romans, an indicator that the local people regarded the Heliopolitan Jupiter fully as their own. Construction of the Temple of Bacchus began in the later 2nd century under Antoninus Pius, after the cult of Bacchus had become popular in the empire. Construction of the great temple complex continued until the conversion of Constantine to Christianity in the early 4th century, when it came to halt with many details left unfinished.

Under Roman rule, the supreme god worshipped at Baalbeck/Heliopolis was Jupiter Heliopolitan, a complex fusion of a Baal and Jupiter. The statue that stood in the Temple of Jupiter at Baalbeck was described by ancient writers as holding a thunderbolt with ears of corn and being flanked by two bulls. He was part of a Helipolitan Triad of Jupiter, Mercury and Venus. The religious rituals at the temple were more Syrian than they were Greco-Roman, but the site did include an oracle that was consulted by emperors.

The most famous sight at Baalbeck is the Temple of Jupiter, whose six remaining columns are the largest anywhere in the Roman world. The famous statue of Jupiter Heliopolitan stood in the rear of the temple on a raised adytum (holy of holies), which only initiated priests could approach. The great temple was fronted by a hexagonal forecourt added by Philip the Arab (244-49), the layout of which can still be clearly seen.

The Temple of Bacchus is the best-preserved structure at Baalbeck, and in fact the best preserved Roman temple of its size anywhere. The Temple of Bacchus is larger than the Parthenon, with an interior span of 62 feet and a monumental gateway 21 feet wide and nearly 42 feet high. Although dwarfed by those of the Temple of Jupiter, the Bacchus temple's stone blocks still weigh tens of tons each.

The temple's size was matched by its quality in construction (the blocks fit together perfectly) and in elegant decoration. Some figurative reliefs depicting Greek gods have survived, though in a very damaged state. Yet, despite its clear importance, very little is known about the purpose of the impressive building. Even its dedication to Bacchus is far from certain. It is positioned oddly, a huge building that nevertheless stands in the shadow of the great complex of the Temple of Jupiter, pushed nearly to the end of the forbiddding wall that supports the Great Court.

The Temple of Venus is small and round, a major contrast with the giant rectangular temples of Jupiter and Bacchus. The Temple of Venus has six columns that probably once supported a dome. It is carved everywhere with niches, sculptures (now lost) and other elegant decorations.

The Hexagonal Forecourt is a six-sided area built between the Propylaea and the Great Court in the early 3rd century AD. It incorporated 30 granite columns. By the early 5th century, it had been covered with a dome and transformed into a church. -->

Sources

220.225.32.106 09:14, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Declined. This article appears to be taken from http://www.sacred-destinations.com/lebanon/baalbeck.htm. We can not accept copyrighted content taken from web sites or printed sources. Note that copyright protection is granted to all works automatically, whether it is asserted or not. Unless stated otherwise, assume that most content on the internet is copyrighted and not suitable for Wikipedia. Please write in your own words, and in continuous prose.xC | ☎ 11:41, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Sashank is a forthcoming film which is going to be in English with Hrithik Roshan as Sashank with , Cameron Diaz as Jessica, Jackie Chan as Louie Tang, Arnold Schwarzenegger as Investigating officer Jim, Frankie Muniz as Young investigating officer Alex, Hilary Duff as Jasmine. And it will be in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu with Hrithik Roshan as Sashank, Priyanka Chopra as Rani, Nasserudin Shah as Mackevin Narayan, Prakash Raj as Investigating officer Raj, Sumanth as Young investigating officer Fardeen and Sneha as Neha

Cast

• Hrithik Roshan ... Shashank Raichand aka Sashank/Rohit Raichand
• Cameron Diaz ... Jessica

Trivia

• Jackie Chan and Nasserudin Shah will be playing the villains

As per Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Sashank, this article should not be re-created. Thanks xC | ☎ 11:05, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Highsmith is a surname. Famous people with that name:

• Alonzo Highsmith (* 1965), American professional football player,
• Jim Highsmith (* 1945), author of multiple books in the field of software development methodology,
• Margaret Highsmith Dickson
  , Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly,
• Patricia Highsmith (1921-1995), American novelist,

Sources

the Wikipedia-Articles of that persons 89.27.196.249 11:27, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Article created. You can find it at Highsmith.Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Part Deux 19:08, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Sources

217.174.179.22 12:57, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Tarsus empire is part of a growing number of online games that are [[2]|browser based]. Tarsus empire is set in the future and in space, where there each new user creates an empire to which they must strive to rule the galaxy.

Quote from the site:

'Tarsus empire is a free browser based online multiplayer game where you must conquer planets and destroy enemy empire fleets to attempt to become the dominant force in the galaxy.

It is based in an ever expanding universe with currently 7438 planets and 460104 ships, and is growing everyday!'

There are also currently over 1400 users and there seems to be at least 10 new users everyday.

Sources

Online Games inn
gamershood
gamesites200
omgn
topgamelisting
onrpg

Sources

66.214.194.48 13:59, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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A chrome box, also known as a Mobile Infrared Transmitter (MIRT), is a traffic preemption device that communicates from a vehicle to a traffic signal. Detectors are located next to traffic signals at intersections. When a correct infrared pulse is detected the signal changes to green for emergency vehicles to pass quickly. [1]

A chrome box consists of a timer circuit connected to an infrared LED array. The timer causes the infrared LEDs to strobe at either 10hz for low priority (buses), or 14hz for high priority (police, fire department)[2]. A high priority ("priority right of way") will cause the signal to change immediately. Transmitters typically have a 1800 foot range.

Certain cities use specially encoded infrared pulses to prevent the use of home made transmitters.

The two main systems used in the United states are 3M Opticom and Tomar Strobecom. 3M Opticom is more widely used.

It is a federal offense for an unauthorized person to use any traffic preemption device. This is due to the Safe Intersection Act of 2005. [3]

Sources

[1] http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/Traffic_Safety/TSS/Offerings/Systems/Opticom/ http://tomar.com/products/strobecom/strobecom.htm [3] http://www.i-hacked.com/content/view/176/44/ [2] http://www.themirt.com/

216.79.146.64 14:22, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Mobile Infrared Transmitter.Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia!xC | ☎ 19:26, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply

]

This request for creation has been reviewed. The reviewer comments appear below the article text.

1. REDIRECT Malocclusion

Sources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malocclusion

81.179.238.26 15:18, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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(rm copyrighted text)

Sources

http://www.piratesxxx.com/main.php?flash=true

81.166.72.104 15:24, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Declined. This article appears to be taken from http://www.piratesxxx.com/main.php. We can not accept copyrighted content taken from web sites or printed sources. Note that copyright protection is granted to all works automatically, whether it is asserted or not. Unless stated otherwise, assume that most content on the internet is copyrighted and not suitable for Wikipedia. Please write in your own words, and in continuous prose. Part Deux 19:10, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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A Floating DMA Controller is something that is apparently not to be found on any age in the Internet. However, we were asked to define it and explain it's advantages, which are apparently different from that of a normal DMA Controller (covered very well in Wikipedia).

Does this device actually exist and if so, how does it work? What are it's advantages?

Sources

Dr. Orwa Dan, ICS 613 (Operating Systems) Lecturer, University Of Nairobi, Kenya. Email Address - [email protected]

62.56.156.69 16:16, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

You might want to try the help desk... or Google.xC | ☎ 19:19, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Meadowhead School is situated in the South of Sheffield and is one of the largest secondary school in sheffield; with about 1700 pupils on roll in 5 year groups (Y7-Y11). The school currently doesn't have a sixth form but with its new building just opened in January 2007, they are hoping for one.

http://www.meadowhead.sheffield.sch.uk/

85.210.30.144 16:22, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

• Declined, cited sources must be independent of the subject, which the school's own website would not be. If you can find independent and
  reliable sources, please feel free to resubmit! Seraphimblade ^{Talk to me} 19:40, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply
  ]

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${\displaystyle Insertformulahere}$

Sources

63.229.160.15 16:31, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Ironclad are a sick as fuck band that consists of 5 fucking crazy dudes. Dale on vocals, Billy on lead guitar, Ben on drums, Doug on rhythm guitar. and Craig on bass. They are basically the best band to ever live and should be treated like gods amongst men. They play all sorts of music but are known most notably for their sick metal/rock tone.

Sources

from the book IRONCLAD: THE GOOD, THE FAT, and the JEW

Credge 16:46, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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The Japan Shotokan Karate Association was formed in 1999 by Keigo Abe 8th Dan, former JKA instructor, Director of qualifications and Technical Director of the JKA (Matsuno faction). He was a direct student of the former JKA headmaster Masatoshi Nakayama and as such is one of the few senior Japanese Shotokan instructors who teaches as Master Nakayama did. In his younger days he was a renowned tournament fighter and devised the shobu ippon tournament rules used by the majority of traditional karate-ka around the world today.

Sources

• Japan Shotokan Karate Association website

172.202.171.245 17:19, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

This article already exists in Wikipedia. You can find it at Japan Shotokan Karate Association (Great Britain).

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PLEFASTE is a World-Project about practicing everyday, for at least one month, the supreme universal value of doing a good act for someone else unknown to us. Then, leaving behind with no expectation or return at all; not even a ‘thank you’* received from the benefited person.

• (this is because ‘thank you’ is also a cultural/educational ‘expected’ reaction that many times limits our thoughts focusing them towards other ‘social’ rituals).

PLEFASTE is one of the highest human values that everyone knows about, but has never been defined in a single word or way of action, in any language or culture up to this moment. Every individual in this planet have known the inherent benefits of a positive-action towards someone else, without any extra justification required or needed.

The final goal is to make this action, concept and value available to as many people as possible.

By making it widely available it will generate a mathematically-explained chain reaction, of good and self-generated positive acts of the human kind. By doing this, in the least time possible, the results will return in the same way and opposite direction, multiplied.

Function & Applications for Plefaste:

• Plefaste is a one-way action.

• Plefaste is to do something good for someone else (always an unknown person) everyday for a month.

• Plefaste is to pay it forward creating a mathematical chain of reaction into positive actions/intentions for ourselves.

• Plefaste has no higher or lower expectations involved other than this good one-way action, not even ‘thank you’ is necessary.

• Plefaste has no monetary or economical benefit obtained or traded for this word or its meaning.

• Plefaste is a common, general-use, new word that describes a good act towards someone else (always unknown) in a single sound and action for every language or culture.

• Plefaste is one of the highest value inside every single one of us as humans, let’s reach for it and empower it by acting today.

• Plefaste is not a brand, it has no copyright, therefore; no person, industry, organization,religion, cult, belief, country, political party, ideology, language, nation should have any rights or monetary profits over this word or concept (not even for Alfonso Corona who is only a regular person with a good idea).

RATIONAL

This word comes from the profound need to assign a spoken and practical meaning, to a supreme value, and a proven way, to change the world in a supportive humanitarian chain of reactions.

We want to appeal to the best in every human being. And ignite the positive creative power, inside of us, by making it a habit. The creativity inside our heads will start with ‘small’ good acts (there’s no small act at all), and will evolve into larger actions. Our minds have been proven to work these ways when creating things.

The intention is to promote the use of PLEFASTE to as many people as possible in as little time as possible. We all can ignite and give life to a self-sustainable, positive energy reaction, that will change the basic intention of thoughts inside our minds into positive and beneficial.

To push our human minds into creating positive things, that will turn around in energetically and mathematical ways, always coming back to us from other unknown persons.

RECIPE

‘Focus your mind and creativeness, into producing a positive action towards an unknown individual, everyday for a month’... and repeat.

MATHEMATICAL THEORY

If we can focus a large amount of human creativity towards developing good actions, we’ll be able to generate an immense amount of wellness at the same time and in less than 6 months.

Formula: 1 to the 30th (one person doing something good for a daily unknown person for 30 days).

After a month = 30 persons doing something good to 30 unknown persons each multiplies as follows:

First Month 30 persons do a good act for 30 persons = 900 persons Second Month 900 persons do another 30 persons each = 27,000 persons Third Month 27,000 do something good for 30 persons each = 810,000 persons Fourth Month 810,000 times another 30 persons each = 24,300,000 Fifth Month 24,300,000 times another 30 persons each = 729,000,000 Sixth Month 729,000,000 times another 30 persons each = 21,870,000,000

               (3 times the world population).

729 million need only talk to less than 10 persons each, to reach the current estimated world population of 6,586,226,112

PLEFASTE can be delivered to every human being in this planet, in less than 6 months. We think that developing a massive world campaign is the key factor on overcoming any natural loss in the retransmission of the concept. The only thing left is to convince the rest of the people around us about this and start today.

PROMOTION

PLEFASTE should have no commercial use or profit for anyone, not even the person doing the good act.

TV and Internet are the two mass mediums reaching the most people on the planet, if we reach the minimum amount of people thru these mediums, the rest of the planet will learn about it as a consequence.

This website is available for anyone to learn about, no web banners, no sponsorship or extra links will be ever available...it’s free like air.

It is recommended that everyone supporting Plefaste, follows the same usage: Black or dark background, white or grey text, the Supporter logo promoting this ‘value’ for the sake of ourselves as co-habitants of this same World.

Any use for this concept is possible only when not contradicting the specified aspects and characteristics in this text.

This is a common-use word with no copyright or intellectual property. It’s free and no-one should ever profit from it in any way.

If you want to support or promote this value just share this concept and information with as many people in the rest of the world and practice it for at least a month....your life will be a cascade of blessings and good things.

Let’s start right now by thinking what’s your next Plefaste towards the next unkown individual that crosses your already wonderful life.

You always make your life move and evolve everyday, please help us make our World a happier and better place for you too.

Sources

www.plefaste.com www.distriktmag.com

This article is important due the transcendent of the PLEFASTE project itself.

This is a new word that for the first time defines what this TRANSCENDENT action represents in every language.

If Wikipedia publishes and promotes this word as a common-use, no one will be able to copyright or trademark the word and will be rights-free (please read the complete article).

75.74.196.22 17:27, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Rasheed Hendricks, aka Haze, Haze Attacks, DJ Haze has been making music since 1996.

Sources

www.hiphopsite.com

65.207.35.129 17:52, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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DA TAKEOVER

It is right after dusk when Marco G-Life Leonard sits on a bridge contemplating his new arrival to the hip-hop world. The 25-year-old Atlanta native bows his head and says, The world aint ready for me cuz. Born to a city that houses some of the music industrys biggest players, G-Life brings something other artists lack: UNCUT REALNESS. Being raised in Da Bluff in west side ATL, Ive seen all walks of life, says G-Life, who has groomed himself to become the next conqueror of the hip-hop world.

With a raw and uncut universal voice, and musical influences such as Tupac and Scarface, G-Life paints vivid pictures of everyday living in urban America. With songs like Damn and LA LA, G-Life shows his ability to make club bangers. Revealing he is no stranger to the street underworld, he divulges the game in Swap it out. And with 100 years/War Message, he also proves he is never afraid to tackle political views, as well as, teach the youth something outside of everyday conversation.

G-Life has worked with up-and-coming and prominent producers such as Nitty, Sanchez, Jazzy Pha and Icon. He has also worked with artists such as E-40, Sammy Sam, Ooowee and Brad Young.

In a time where one hit wonders become an industry standard, G-Lifes message and swagger will take the hip-hop world by storm. I am going to hold down the industry bout seven years, then sign that next nigga states G-Life.

Strap on your seatbelt and witness

DA TAKEOVER!!

Sources

www.myspace.com/glife404

74.231.43.2 18:25, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

guidelines on biographies. Please provide more information on why the person or group is worthy of inclusion in an encyclopedia. Thank you.xC | ☎ 18:54, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply

]

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Ham sandwiches are really good. This is established fact and you are just plain wrong if you disagree. There are many different kinds of ham sandwiches. They are all very tasty.

Sources

http://southernfood.about.com/od/hamsandwichrecipes/Ham_Sandwich_Recipes.htm

70.91.36.133 18:25, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Patent nonsensexC | ☎ 18:57, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Rivers that flow North

• miles
• Bann River, Northern Ireland
• USA
  , 336 miles
• Cauca River, Colombia, 597 miles
• USA
  , 250 miles
• USA
  , 78 miles
• Erne River, Ireland and Northern Ireland
  , 60 miles
• Essequibo River, Guyana, 600 miles
• USA
  , 144 miles
• USA
  , 45 miles
• Russian Federation
  , 2735 miles
• Little Bighorn River, Wyoming and Montana, USA, 80 miles
• Magdalena River, Colombia, 1062 miles
• Mojave River, Southern California, USA, 100 miles
• USA
  , 128 miles
• New River, Virginia and West Virginia, USA, 255 miles
• Niagara River, Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, 39 miles.
• Nile River, Africa
  , 4150 miles
• Russian Federation
  , 2289 miles
• USA
  , 24 miles
• Otter Creek, Vermont, USA, 75 miles
• Washington
  , USA, 62 miles
• Red River, Minnesota, North Dakota, USA (into Canada), 318 miles
• Richelieu River, Quebec, Canada, 208 miles
• USA
  , 20 miles.
• Saint River, Johns, Florida, USA, 275 miles
• San Pedro River, Mexico (into Arizona), 142 miles
• Shennandoah River, Virginia and West Virginia, USA, 55 miles
• Wilamette River, Oregon
  , USA, 188 miles
• Wallkill River, New Jersey, USA, length unknown
• Russian Federation
  , 2548 miles
• Youghiogheny River, Eastern USA, 151 miles

Sources

WorldAtlas.Com
Article created. You can find it at List of rivers that flow north.Thank you for your contribution to Wikipedia! Part Deux 19:16, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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HollyHood Inc. the parent company of HollyHood Entertainment, HTV, Comma Networks, and HHE Records, is a media conglomerate located in Los Angeles. Their international website (www.HollyHoodInc.piczo.com) receives more than 10,000 hits a day, due to their popular Free music downloads, video downloads and exclusive streaming TV from all 5 major Networks(CBS,NBC,ABC,FOX,CW). The Company is a subsidy of Viacom International Inc., causing most of their content to reflect on Viacom's other popular assets: MTV Networks, CBS/The CW, and Paramount Pictures.

Sources

Press release from Viacom Inc. "We're are pleased to announce the recent ownership of HollyHood Incorporated, and proud to announce the new Chief Executive Officer, Graham Post. Together, Viacom Inc., CBS Corporation and HollyHood Inc. will control 98.5% of the web will popular features such as online Games (CBS), Motion picture, and animation trailers (Viacom)and now free streaming TV episodes from all five of the major US Networks, and many Canadian and Cable Networks (HollyHood). For more information or to try out the new HollyHood Inc., go to www.HollyhoodInc.piczo.com, or www.Viacom.com/HoodInc." source: Viacom.com press release

24.69.34.12 19:09, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

• Declined - provided link does not function, and this is otherwise unverifiable. Part Deux 19:12, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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is the coolest person in the world!!!!! and reuban sucks!!!

Sources

204.100.212.123 20:23, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Declined. Your article appears to be a joke. It might be a wonderful entry in Uncyclopedia, a wiki where jokes and parodies are highly encouraged. But sadly, Wikipedia requires a stodgier, more factual tone in its articles, and your comedic efforts cannot be rewarded here. Bennyboyz3000 10:17, 11 August 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Sellick Maneuver: A method of preventing regurgitation of an anesthetized patient during endotracheal intubation by applying pressure to the cricoid cartilage.

The Sellick Maneuver is performed by applying gentle pressure to the anterior neck (in a posterior direction) at the level of the Cricoid Cartilage. The Maneuver is most often used to help align the airway structures during endotracheal intubation. The real value of this procedure is often misunderstood and therefore, is often underutilized. The REAL value of the Sellick Maneuver is to provide a means to prevent gastric insufflation and vomiting during ventilations in an unprotected airway. BLS and ALS medics can direct a member of the resuscitation team to provide this maneuver early and continually until a properly placed endotracheal tube has been inserted. Remember that aspiration pneumonitis has a high mortality rate and proper use of this method can minimize its occurance.

http://www.medstudents.com.br/anest/anest2f1.htm

64.106.28.4 20:44, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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The new pussycat doll Asia deserved what she got and what she got is to win the search for the next pussycatdoll.She can pop it and she can lock it.I voted for her since day one.Plus shes kinda doing it for her but also her adorable daughter.Every one should know shes da bomb and nicole better watch out because Asia WILL take her spot as lead singer and dancer.

                                                       Racheal Pettyjohn

Declined. Wikipedia cannot accept articles which are potentially defamatory. All articles about living persons must conform to our biographies of living persons policy. Attack pages are prohibited. Bennyboyz3000 10:18, 11 August 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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1st class passengers wore fancy clothing that people today would wear as costumes. Most 1st class passengers wore beautiful outfits just to go to dinner with their family.

2nd class women wore dresses and men wore nice pants and shirts.

Most 3rd class people were poor and wanted to start a new life in America. So they didn't have as nice of clothes as 1st and 2nd class passengers.

I LIKE PIE!
Declined. Your article appears to be a joke. It might be a wonderful entry in Uncyclopedia, a wiki where jokes and parodies are highly encouraged. But sadly, Wikipedia requires a stodgier, more factual tone in its articles, and your comedic efforts cannot be rewarded here. Bennyboyz3000 10:18, 11 August 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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"Black Box BRD" is a 2001 documentary from German director Andreas Veiel. Through interviews and a few dramatic recreations, it tells the story of Alfred Herrhausen, top manager of the Deutsche Bank in the 1980s, and of Wolfgang Grams, who was suspected in the car bombing that killed Herrhausen in 1989. The film includes home videos and newscasts from the period featuring both of its key "characters." It won the 2002 European, Hessian, and Bavarian film prizes for best documentary; the German Film Award in Gold; and it took honorable mention for outstanding editing in the German Cinema Awards. The film is subtitled "Der Kampf ist vorbei, Die Wunden sind offen," which translates as "The fight is over. The wounds are open." The film is in German, and has been released with English subtitles.

Sources

http://imdb.com/title/tt0283941/

130.58.221.244 21:28, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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He's a madd weird ass kid but he's alright i guess. He one crazy ass polock fo show...

Sources

www.socialfindings.com/people/adam1h

66.67.109.173 21:37, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Declined. Your article appears to be a joke. It might be a wonderful entry in Uncyclopedia, a wiki where jokes and parodies are highly encouraged. But sadly, Wikipedia requires a stodgier, more factual tone in its articles, and your comedic efforts cannot be rewarded here. Bennyboyz3000 10:18, 11 August 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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In God of War III, the Gods will mess with Kratos. He'll get mad. Kill a bunch of bad guys while trying to get back at the Gods, and end the game with an opening for God of War IV.

Sources

155.188.247.5 21:50, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Declined. Your article appears to be a joke. It might be a wonderful entry in Uncyclopedia, a wiki where jokes and parodies are highly encouraged. But sadly, Wikipedia requires a stodgier, more factual tone in its articles, and your comedic efforts cannot be rewarded here. Bennyboyz3000 10:37, 11 August 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Lunar Lord Krieger was a very respected sorcerer in the Old World. During his life he slayed dragons, orcs, goblins, and all other creatures of Chaos. He served Sigmar, the god of good, but didn't show it.

Sources

Warhammer series

70.152.189.219 22:17, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

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Category:Shadow Raiders planets- it's populated, since I don't think this will be refused. The articles previously didn't have any categories, and there's more than 5, so it seems a reasonable thing to do.

This category categorizes all articles on fictional planets from the TV series Shadow Raiders.

This should be categorized under Category:Fictional planets This should have a catmore to Shadow Raiders.

Sources

See

132.205.44.134 22:19, 25 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Elizabethan Era

Archived discussion follows below. Please do not modify it.
This request for creation has been reviewed. The reviewer comments appear below the article text. If your request was declined and you want to make changes and try again, copy and paste your article into a new submission and make your changes there. 70.105.44.49 23:09, 25 April 2007 (UTC) The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished and William Shakespeare, among others, composed plays that broke away from England's past style of plays. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad, while at home the Protestant Reformation became entrenched in the national mindset.[reply] The Elizabethan Age is viewed so highly because of the contrasts with the periods before and after. It was a brief period of largely internal peace between the English Reformation and the battles between Protestants and Catholics and the battles between parliament and the monarchy that would engulf the seventeenth century. The Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement and parliament was still not strong enough to challenge royal absolutism. England was also well-off compared to the other nations of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of foreign domination of the peninsula. France was embroiled in its own religious battles that would only be settled in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent, the centuries long conflict between France and England was largely suspended for most of Elizabeth's reign. The one great rival was Spain, with which England conflicted both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604. An attempt by Philip II of Spain to invade England with the Spanish Armada in 1588 was famously defeated, but the tide of war turned against England with a disastrously unsuccessful attack upon Spain, the Drake-Norris Expedition of 1589. Thereafter Spain provided some support for Irish Catholics in a draining guerrilla war against England and Spanish naval and land forces inflicted a series of defeats upon English forces. This badly damaged both the English Exchequer and economy that had been so carefully restored under Elizabeth's prudent guidance. English colonization and trade would be frustrated until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeth's death. England during this period had a centralized, well-organized, and effective government, largely a result of the reforms of Henry VII and Henry VIII. Economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade. Romance and Reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealized the Elizabethan era. The Encyclopaediea Britannica still maintains that "The long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, was England's Golden Age. ...'Merry England,' in love with life, expressed itself in music and literature, in architecture, and in adventurous seafaring."[1] This idealizing tendency was shared by Britain and an Aglophilic America. (In popular culture, the image of those adventurous Elizabethan seafarers was embodied in the films of Errol Flynn.)[2] In response and reaction to this hyperbole, modern historians and biographers in post-imperial Europe have tended to take a far more literal-minded and dispassionate view of the Tudor period. Elizabethan England was not particularly successful in a military sense during the period. The grinding poverty of the rural working class, which comprised 90% of the population, has also received more attention than in previous generations. The Elizabethan role in the slave trade and the repression of Catholic Ireland—notably the Desmond Rebellions and the Nine Years' War—have also drawn historians' attention. Despite the heights achieved during the era, the country was to descend into the English Civil War less than 40 years after the death of Elizabeth. On balance, it can be said that Elizabeth provided the country with a long period of general if not total peace, and generally increasing prosperity. Having inherited a virtually bankrupt state from previous reigns, her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility. Economically, Sir Thomas Gresham's founding of the Royal Exchange (1565), the first stock exchange in England and one of the earliest in Europe, would prove to be a development of the first importance, for the economic development of England and soon for the world as a whole. With taxes lower than other European countries of the period, the economy expanded; though the wealth was distributed with wild unevenness, there was clearly more wealth to go around at the end of Elizabeth's reign than at the beginning.[3] This general peace and prosperity allowed the attractive developments that "Golden Age" advocates have stressed.[4] Both from an anachronistic modern perspective and from that of 16th-century Humanism, England in this era had some positive aspects that set it apart from contemporaneous continental European societies. Torture was rare, since the English legal system reserved torture only for capital crimes like treason[5]—though forms of corporal punishment, some of them extreme, were practiced. The persecution of witches was also comparatively rare; while some persecutions did occur, they never reached the hysterical proportions that disfigured some European societies so severely in this period.[6] The role of women in society was, for the historical era, relatively unconstrained; Spanish and Italian visitors to England commented regularly, and sometimes cautistically, on the freedom that women enjoyed in England, in contrast to their home cultures. Elizabeth's determination not to "look into the hearts" of her subjects, to moderate the religious persecutions of previous Tudor reigns—the persecution of Catholics under Henry VIII and Edward VI, and of Protestants under Mary—appears to have had a moderating effect on English society in general. While Elizabethan England has been characterized by one skeptic as a "brutal dictatorship,"[7] it was, as brutal dictatorships go, one of the most benign. Science, Technology, Exploration Lacking a dominant genius or a formal structure for research (as the following century would have both Sir Isaac Newton and the Royal Society), The Elizabethan era nonetheless saw significant scientific progress. The astronomers Thomas Digges (1546–95) and Thomas Harriot (ca. 1560–1621) made important contributions; William Gilbert (1544–1603) published his seminal study of magnetism, De Magnete, in 1600. Substantial advancements were made in the fields of cartography and surveying. The eccentric but influential John Dee (1527–1608) also merits mention. Much of this scientific and technological progress related to the practical skill of navigation. English achievements in exploration were noteworthy in the Elizabethan era. Sir Francis Drake (ca. 1540–96) circumnavigated the globe (1577–81), and Martin Frobisher (ca. 1535–94) explored the Arctic. The first attempt at English settlement of the Eastern seaboard of North America occurred in this era—the abortive colony at Roanoke Island (1587). While Elizabethan England is not thought of as an age of technological innovation, some progress did occur. In 1564 one "Guilliam Boonen" came from the Netherlands to be Queen Elizabeth's first coach-builder—thus introducing the new European invention of the spring-suspension coach to England, as a replacement for the litters and carts of an earlier transportation mode. Coaches quickly became as fashionable as sports cars in a later century; social critics, especially Puritan commentators, noted the "diverse great ladies" who rode "up and down the countryside" in their new coaches.[8] Fine Arts It has often been said that the Renaissance came late to England, in contrast to Italy and the other states of continental Europe; it is also a truism that the fine arts in England during the Tudor and Stuart eras were dominated by foreign and imported talent—from Hans Holbein the Younger under Henry VIII to Anthony van Dyck under Charles I. Yet within this general trend, a native school of painting was developing. In Elizabeth's reign, Nicholas Hilliard (ca. 1547–1619), the Queen's "limner and goldsmith," is the most widely recognized figure in this native development; but George Gower (1540–1596) has begun to attract greater notice and appreciation, as knowledge of him and his art and career has improved.[9] Elizabethan Festivals, Holidays, and Celebrations A wedding feast, c. 1569 During the Elizabethan era, people looked forward to holidays because opportunities for leisure were limited, with time away from hard work being restricted to periods after church on Sundays. For the most part, leisure and festivities took place on a public church holy day. Every month had its own holiday, some of which are listed below: The first Monday after Twelfth Night (any time between 7th and 14th) of January was Plough Monday. It celebrated returning to work after the Christmas celebrations and the New Year. February 2: Candlemas. Although often still very cold, Candlemas was celebrated as the first day of spring. All Hannukah decorations were burned on this day, in candlelight and torchlight processions. February 14: Valentine's Day. Sending gifts to one another was a Pagan tradition [citation needed], still carried on under a Christian guise. Between March 3-9: Shrove Tuesday (known as Mardi Gras or Carnival on the Continent). On this day, apprentices were allowed to run amok in the city in mobs, wreaking havoc, because it supposedly cleansed the city of vices before Lent. The day after Shrove Tuesday was Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent when all were to abstain from eating and drinking certain things. March 24: Lady Day, or the feast of the Annunciation, the first of the Quarter Days on which rents and salaries were due and payable. The legal New Year when courts of law convened after a winter break, and it marked the supposed moment when the Angel Gabriel came to announce to the Virgin Mary that she would bear a child. April 1: All Fool's Day, or April Fool's Day. This was a day for tricks, jests, jokes, and a general day of the jester. May 1: May Day, celebrated as the first day of summer. This was one of the few Celtic festivals with no connection to Christianity, and patterned on Beltane. It featured crowning a May Queen, a Green Man and dancing around a maypole. June 21: Midsummer, (Christianized as the feast of St John the Baptist) and another Quarter Day. August 1: Lammastide, or Lammas Day. Traditionally, the first day of Autumn, in which it was customary to bring a loaf of bread to the church. September 29: Michaelmas, another Quarter Day. Michaelmas celebrated the beginning of autumn, and St. Michael the Archangel. October 25: St. Crispin's Day. Bonfires, revels, and an elected 'King Crispin' were all featured in this celebration. Dramatized by Shakespeare's in Henry V. October 28: The Lord Mayor's Show, which still takes place today in London. October 31: HalloweenThe beginning celebration of the days of the dead. November 1: All Saints' Day, followed by All Souls' Day. November 17: The anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession to the throne, celebrated for dozens of years after her death. December 24: The Twelve Days of Christmas started at sundown and lasted until Epiphany on January 6. Christmas was the last of the Quarter Days for the year. Notable Elizabethans Richard Grenville Ben Jonson Thomas Kyd Christopher Marlowe Thomas North Walter Raleigh William Shakespeare Sir Philip Sidney Edmund Spenser Francis Walsingham Sir Robert Bell William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley Francis Bacon John Dee John Dowland Francis Drake Humphrey Gilbert Mary Sidney Elizabeth I See also Tudor England English Renaissance Elizabethan theatre Elizabethan architecture Music in Elizabethan Era Tudor style 1550-1600 in fashion Compare Tudorbethan (Revival architecture) Jacobethan (Revival architecture) Notes 1. ^ Britannica Online. 2. ^ See The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939) and The Sea Hawk (1940). 3. ^ Ann Jennalie Cook, The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare's London, 1576–1642, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1981; pp. 49-96. 4. ^ Christopher Hibbert, The Virgin Queen: Elizabeth I, Genius of the Golden Age, Reading, Mass., Perseus, 1991. 5. ^ George Macaulay Trevelyan, England Under the Stuarts, London, Methuen, 1949; p. 25. 6. ^ Charles Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, London, Richard Bentley, 1841; reprinted Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1974; pp. 462-564. 7. ^ Alfred Hart, Shakespeare and the Homilies, Melbourne, 1934; reprinted New York, AMS Press, 1971. 8. ^ Ann Jennalie Cook, The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare's London, 1576-1642, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1981; pp. 81-2. 9. ^ Ellis Waterhouse, Painting in Britain 1530 to 1790, fourth edition, New York, Viking Penguin, 1978; pp. 34-9. References Culture: Yates, Frances A. The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Yates, Frances A. Theatre of the World. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1969. Exploration: Wilson, Derek. The World Encompassed: Francis Drake and His Great Voyage. New York, Harper & Row, 1977. Fashion and the domestic arts: Arnold, Janet: Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd, W S Maney and Son Ltd, Leeds 1988. ISBN 0-901286-20-6 Ashelford, Jane. The Visual History of Costume: The Sixteenth Century. 1983 edition ( ISBN 0-7134-6828-9 ). Digby, George Wingfield. Elizabethan Embroidery. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1964. Further reading Hutton, Ronald:The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400–1700, 2001. ISBN 0-19-285447-X Hutton, Ronald: The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain, 2001. ISBN 0-19-285448-8 Strong, Roy: The Cult of Elizabeth, The Harvill Press, 1999. ISBN 0-7126-6493-9 Smith, John: "The Rise of Elizabeth", Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8765-9807-7 Parameter error in {{ISBN }}: checksum Topics on England History: Anglo-Saxon England • The Blitz • Elizabethan era • Civil War • Jacobean era • Kingdom of England • Norman Conquest • English Reformation • English Renaissance • Tudor period • Union with Scotland • Wars of the Roses Politics: Government of England • Parliament of England • Monarchy of England • National Flag • List of English flags • Royal Arms Geography: Regions • Counties • Districts • Gardens • Islands • Places • Towns • Parishes Economy: Bank of England • London Stock Exchange Demographics: English English • Famous English people • English people Culture: Castles • Church of England • Education • English cricket team • The Football Association • Museums • English rugby team • Innovations & discoveries • English cuisine • St George's Day This article already exists in Wikipedia. xC | ☎ 20:40, 26 April 2007 (UTC)[reply]
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Sources

70.105.44.49 23:10, 25 April 2007 (UTC) The Elizabethan Era is the period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the flowering of English literature and poetry. This was also the time during which Elizabethan theatre flourished and William Shakespeare, among others, composed plays that broke away from England's past style of plays. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad, while at home the Protestant Reformation became entrenched in the national mindset.[reply]

The Elizabethan Age is viewed so highly because of the contrasts with the periods before and after. It was a brief period of largely internal peace between the English Reformation and the battles between Protestants and Catholics and the battles between parliament and the monarchy that would engulf the seventeenth century. The Protestant/Catholic divide was settled, for a time, by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement and parliament was still not strong enough to challenge royal absolutism.

England was also well-off compared to the other nations of Europe. The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of foreign domination of the peninsula. France was embroiled in its own religious battles that would only be settled in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes. In part because of this, but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent, the centuries long conflict between France and England was largely suspended for most of Elizabeth's reign.

The one great rival was Spain, with which England conflicted both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604. An attempt by Philip II of Spain to invade England with the Spanish Armada in 1588 was famously defeated, but the tide of war turned against England with a disastrously unsuccessful attack upon Spain, the Drake-Norris Expedition of 1589. Thereafter Spain provided some support for Irish Catholics in a draining guerrilla war against England and Spanish naval and land forces inflicted a series of defeats upon English forces. This badly damaged both the English Exchequer and economy that had been so carefully restored under Elizabeth's prudent guidance. English colonization and trade would be frustrated until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeth's death.

England during this period had a centralized, well-organized, and effective government, largely a result of the reforms of Henry VII and Henry VIII. Economically, the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade. Romance and Reality

The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealized the Elizabethan era. The Encyclopaediea Britannica still maintains that "The long reign of Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, was England's Golden Age. ...'Merry England,' in love with life, expressed itself in music and literature, in architecture, and in adventurous seafaring."[1] This idealizing tendency was shared by Britain and an Aglophilic America. (In popular culture, the image of those adventurous Elizabethan seafarers was embodied in the films of Errol Flynn.)[2]

In response and reaction to this hyperbole, modern historians and biographers in post-imperial Europe have tended to take a far more literal-minded and dispassionate view of the Tudor period. Elizabethan England was not particularly successful in a military sense during the period. The grinding poverty of the rural working class, which comprised 90% of the population, has also received more attention than in previous generations. The Elizabethan role in the slave trade and the repression of Catholic Ireland—notably the Desmond Rebellions and the Nine Years' War—have also drawn historians' attention. Despite the heights achieved during the era, the country was to descend into the English Civil War less than 40 years after the death of Elizabeth.

On balance, it can be said that Elizabeth provided the country with a long period of general if not total peace, and generally increasing prosperity. Having inherited a virtually bankrupt state from previous reigns, her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility. Economically, Sir Thomas Gresham's founding of the Royal Exchange (1565), the first stock exchange in England and one of the earliest in Europe, would prove to be a development of the first importance, for the economic development of England and soon for the world as a whole. With taxes lower than other European countries of the period, the economy expanded; though the wealth was distributed with wild unevenness, there was clearly more wealth to go around at the end of Elizabeth's reign than at the beginning.[3] This general peace and prosperity allowed the attractive developments that "Golden Age" advocates have stressed.[4]

Both from an anachronistic modern perspective and from that of 16th-century Humanism, England in this era had some positive aspects that set it apart from contemporaneous continental European societies. Torture was rare, since the English legal system reserved torture only for capital crimes like treason[5]—though forms of corporal punishment, some of them extreme, were practiced. The persecution of witches was also comparatively rare; while some persecutions did occur, they never reached the hysterical proportions that disfigured some European societies so severely in this period.[6] The role of women in society was, for the historical era, relatively unconstrained; Spanish and Italian visitors to England commented regularly, and sometimes cautistically, on the freedom that women enjoyed in England, in contrast to their home cultures.

Elizabeth's determination not to "look into the hearts" of her subjects, to moderate the religious persecutions of previous Tudor reigns—the persecution of Catholics under Henry VIII and Edward VI, and of Protestants under Mary—appears to have had a moderating effect on English society in general. While Elizabethan England has been characterized by one skeptic as a "brutal dictatorship,"[7] it was, as brutal dictatorships go, one of the most benign. Science, Technology, Exploration

Lacking a dominant genius or a formal structure for research (as the following century would have both Sir Isaac Newton and the Royal Society), The Elizabethan era nonetheless saw significant scientific progress. The astronomers Thomas Digges (1546–95) and Thomas Harriot (ca. 1560–1621) made important contributions; William Gilbert (1544–1603) published his seminal study of magnetism, De Magnete, in 1600. Substantial advancements were made in the fields of cartography and surveying. The eccentric but influential John Dee (1527–1608) also merits mention.

Much of this scientific and technological progress related to the practical skill of navigation. English achievements in exploration were noteworthy in the Elizabethan era. Sir Francis Drake (ca. 1540–96) circumnavigated the globe (1577–81), and Martin Frobisher (ca. 1535–94) explored the Arctic. The first attempt at English settlement of the Eastern seaboard of North America occurred in this era—the abortive colony at Roanoke Island (1587).

While Elizabethan England is not thought of as an age of technological innovation, some progress did occur. In 1564 one "Guilliam Boonen" came from the Netherlands to be Queen Elizabeth's first coach-builder—thus introducing the new European invention of the spring-suspension coach to England, as a replacement for the litters and carts of an earlier transportation mode. Coaches quickly became as fashionable as sports cars in a later century; social critics, especially Puritan commentators, noted the "diverse great ladies" who rode "up and down the countryside" in their new coaches.[8] Fine Arts

It has often been said that the Renaissance came late to England, in contrast to Italy and the other states of continental Europe; it is also a truism that the fine arts in England during the Tudor and Stuart eras were dominated by foreign and imported talent—from Hans Holbein the Younger under Henry VIII to Anthony van Dyck under Charles I. Yet within this general trend, a native school of painting was developing. In Elizabeth's reign, Nicholas Hilliard (ca. 1547–1619), the Queen's "limner and goldsmith," is the most widely recognized figure in this native development; but George Gower (1540–1596) has begun to attract greater notice and appreciation, as knowledge of him and his art and career has improved.[9] Elizabethan Festivals, Holidays, and Celebrations

A wedding feast, c. 1569 During the Elizabethan era, people looked forward to holidays because opportunities for leisure were limited, with time away from hard work being restricted to periods after church on Sundays. For the most part, leisure and festivities took place on a public church holy day. Every month had its own holiday, some of which are listed below: The first Monday after Twelfth Night (any time between 7th and 14th) of January was Plough Monday. It celebrated returning to work after the Christmas celebrations and the New Year. February 2: Candlemas. Although often still very cold, Candlemas was celebrated as the first day of spring. All Hannukah decorations were burned on this day, in candlelight and torchlight processions. February 14: Valentine's Day. Sending gifts to one another was a Pagan tradition [citation needed], still carried on under a Christian guise. Between March 3-9: Shrove Tuesday (known as Mardi Gras or Carnival on the Continent). On this day, apprentices were allowed to run amok in the city in mobs, wreaking havoc, because it supposedly cleansed the city of vices before Lent. The day after Shrove Tuesday was Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent when all were to abstain from eating and drinking certain things. March 24: Lady Day, or the feast of the Annunciation, the first of the Quarter Days on which rents and salaries were due and payable. The legal New Year when courts of law convened after a winter break, and it marked the supposed moment when the Angel Gabriel came to announce to the Virgin Mary that she would bear a child. April 1: All Fool's Day, or April Fool's Day. This was a day for tricks, jests, jokes, and a general day of the jester. May 1: May Day, celebrated as the first day of summer. This was one of the few Celtic festivals with no connection to Christianity, and patterned on Beltane. It featured crowning a May Queen, a Green Man and dancing around a maypole. June 21: Midsummer, (Christianized as the feast of St John the Baptist) and another Quarter Day. August 1: Lammastide, or Lammas Day. Traditionally, the first day of Autumn, in which it was customary to bring a loaf of bread to the church. September 29: Michaelmas, another Quarter Day. Michaelmas celebrated the beginning of autumn, and St. Michael the Archangel. October 25: St. Crispin's Day. Bonfires, revels, and an elected 'King Crispin' were all featured in this celebration. Dramatized by Shakespeare's in Henry V. October 28: The Lord Mayor's Show, which still takes place today in London. October 31: HalloweenThe beginning celebration of the days of the dead. November 1: All Saints' Day, followed by All Souls' Day. November 17: The anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession to the throne, celebrated for dozens of years after her death. December 24: The Twelve Days of Christmas started at sundown and lasted until Epiphany on January 6. Christmas was the last of the Quarter Days for the year. Notable Elizabethans

Richard Grenville Ben Jonson Thomas Kyd Christopher Marlowe Thomas North Walter Raleigh William Shakespeare Sir Philip Sidney Edmund Spenser Francis Walsingham Sir Robert Bell William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley Francis Bacon John Dee John Dowland Francis Drake Humphrey Gilbert Mary Sidney Elizabeth I See also

Tudor England English Renaissance Elizabethan theatre Elizabethan architecture Music in Elizabethan Era Tudor style 1550-1600 in fashion Compare

Tudorbethan (Revival architecture) Jacobethan (Revival architecture) Notes

1. ^ Britannica Online. 2. ^ See The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939) and The Sea Hawk (1940). 3. ^ Ann Jennalie Cook, The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare's London, 1576–1642, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1981; pp. 49-96. 4. ^ Christopher Hibbert, The Virgin Queen: Elizabeth I, Genius of the Golden Age, Reading, Mass., Perseus, 1991. 5. ^ George Macaulay Trevelyan, England Under the Stuarts, London, Methuen, 1949; p. 25. 6. ^ Charles Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, London, Richard Bentley, 1841; reprinted Farrar Straus & Giroux, 1974; pp. 462-564. 7. ^ Alfred Hart, Shakespeare and the Homilies, Melbourne, 1934; reprinted New York, AMS Press, 1971. 8. ^ Ann Jennalie Cook, The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare's London, 1576-1642, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 1981; pp. 81-2. 9. ^ Ellis Waterhouse, Painting in Britain 1530 to 1790, fourth edition, New York, Viking Penguin, 1978; pp. 34-9. References

Culture: Yates, Frances A. The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Yates, Frances A. Theatre of the World. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1969. Exploration: Wilson, Derek. The World Encompassed: Francis Drake and His Great Voyage. New York, Harper & Row, 1977. Fashion and the domestic arts: Arnold, Janet: Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd, W S Maney and Son Ltd, Leeds 1988.

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Ligon GT Magnet Middle School is a school in Raleigh, NC, for 6th through 8th graders. Founded by John W. Ligon in (find data), Ligon was originally an all-black high school.

Please add information about Ligon Middle School if you have extra time. Thanks!

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http://ligon.wcpss.net/ my own experience at the school!

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