Yangzhou
Yangzhou
扬州市 Yangchow | |
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Beijing Time) | |
Telephone | (0)514 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-JS-10 |
Licence plate prefixes | 苏K |
Website | yangzhou |
Yangzhou | ||
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Hanyu Pinyin Jiāngdū | | |
Wade–Giles | Chiang-tu |
Yangzhou is a prefecture-level city in central Jiangsu Province, East China. Sitting on the north bank of the Yangtze, it borders the provincial capital Nanjing to the southwest, Huai'an to the north, Yancheng to the northeast, Taizhou to the east, and Zhenjiang across the river to the south. Its population was 4,559,797 at the 2020 census and its urban area is home to 2,635,435 inhabitants, including three urban districts, currently in the agglomeration.
Historically, Yangzhou was one of the wealthiest cities in China, known at various periods for its great merchant families, poets, artists, and scholars. Its name (lit. "Rising Prefecture") refers to its former position as the capital of the ancient Yangzhou prefecture in imperial China. Yangzhou was one of the first cities to benefit from one of the earliest World Bank loans in China, used to construct Yangzhou thermal power station in 1994.[6][7]
Administration
Currently, the
Map | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subdivision | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2020)[8] | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
City Proper | |||||
Guangling District
|
广陵区 | Guǎnglíng Qū | 542,305 | 423.09 | 805.92 |
Hanjiang District | 邗江区 | Hánjiāng Qū | 726,906 | 552.68 | 1,902.23 |
Suburban | |||||
Jiangdu District
|
江都区 | Jiāngdū Qū | 926,577 | 1,329.90 | 757.03 |
Rural | |||||
Baoying County | 宝应县 | Bǎoyìng Xiàn | 682,219 | 1,461.55 | 514.57 |
Satellite cities (County-level cities) | |||||
Yizheng | 仪征市 | Yízhēng Shì | 532,571 | 902.20 | 625.08 |
Gaoyou | 高邮市 | Gāoyóu Shì | 709,572 | 1,921.78 | 387.49 |
Total | 4,559,797 | 6,591.21 | 676.62 | ||
In November 2011, Weiyang District (维扬区) was merged into Hanjiang District, while the former county-level Jiangdu City became Jiangdu District.[9] |
History
Ancient China
During the
Imperial China
Under the
Under the
Restoring the former name Guangling, the
Jiangdu served briefly as the capital of a
After the 1127
In 1280, during the
During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) until the 19th century Yangzhou acted as a major trade exchange center for salt (a government regulated commodity), rice, and silk. The Ming were largely responsible for building the city as it now stands and surrounding it with 9 km (5.6 mi) of walls, in part as protection against Wokou raids.
There was a Hui or Chinese Muslim community in Yangzhou during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties with historic mosques like Crane Mosque and the tomb of Sayyid Puhaddin.[20][21][22]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yangzhou_massacre.jpg/220px-Yangzhou_massacre.jpg)
After the fall of Beijing and northern China to the
The city's rapid recovery from these events and its great prosperity through the early and middle years of the Qing dynasty were due to its role as administrative center of the Lianghuai sector of the government salt monopoly. As early as 1655, the Dutch envoy Johan Nieuhof described the city of Yangzhoufu (Jamcefu in his transcription):[27]
This Trade alone has so very much enrich'd the Inhabitants of this Town, that they have re-built their City since the last destruction by the Tartars, erecting it in as great splendor as it was at first.
Famed at that time and since for literature, art, and the gardens of its merchant families, many of which were visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors during their Southern Tours, the Qing-era Yangzhou has been the focus of intensive research by historians.
The
Modern China
From the time of the Taiping Rebellion (1853) to the beginning of the Reform Era (1980) Yangzhou was in decline, due to war damage, neglect of the Grand Canal as railways replaced it in importance, and stagnation in the early decades of the PRC. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, it endured eight years of Japanese occupation and was used by the enemy as a site for internment camps. About 1200 civilians of Allied nationalities (mostly British and Australian) from Shanghai were transported here in 1943, and located in one of three camps (A, B, and C). Camps B and C were closed down in September, 1943, after the second American-Japanese prisoner exchange, and their inhabitants transferred back to Shanghai camps. Camp C, located in the former American Mission in the north-west of the city, was maintained for the duration of the war.[29]
Among early plans for railways in the late Qing was one for a line that would connect Yangzhou to the north but this was jettisoned in favor of an alternative route. The city's status as a leading economic center in China was never to be restored. Not until the 1990s did it begin to regain some semblance of prosperity, benefitting from national economic growth and a number of targeted development projects.[citation needed] With the canal now partially restored, and excellent rail and road connections, Yangzhou is once again an important transportation and market center. It also has some industrial output, chiefly in cotton and textiles. In 2004, a railway linked Yangzhou for the first time with Nanjing.[citation needed]
Geography
Yangzhou is located on a plain north of the Yangtze. The Grand Canal, also known as the Jing-Hang Canal, crosses the prefecture-level from the north to the south; its modern route passes through the eastern outskirts of Yangzhou's main urban area, while its old route runs through the city center. Other major bodies of water within the prefecture-level city include the Baoshe River, Datong River, Beichengzi River, Tongyang Canal, Xintongyang Canal, Baima Lake, Baoying Lake, Gaoyou Lake and Shaobo Lake.
Like much of the entire prefecture-level city, Yangzhou's main urban area (the "city proper") is criss-crossed by an intricate network of canals and small lakes. The historic city center (the former waled city) is surrounded by canals on all sides: the Old Grand Canal forms its eastern and southern boundaries; the City Moat Canal runs along the former walled city's northern edge, connecting the Old Grand Canal with the Slender West Lake; the Erdaohe Canal runs along the old city's western edge, from the Slender West Lake to the Lotus Flower Pond (Hehuachi), which in its turn is connected by the short Erdaogou canal with the Old Grand Canal.[30] It is possible to sail a small water craft from the Thin West Lake, via the Erdaohe, the Hehua Pond, and the Erdaogou into the Old Grand Canal.[31]
Climate
Yangzhou has a subtropical monsoon climate with humid changeable wind; longer winters for about 4 months, summers 3 months and shorter springs and autumns, 2 months respectively; frost-free period of 222 days and annual average sunshine of around 2,000 hours.
The mean annual temperature is 15.72 °C (60.3 °F) annually; the normal monthly mean 24-hour temperature ranges from 2.5 °C (36.5 °F) in January to 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) in July.
The annual average precipitation is 1,043 mm (41.1 in), and about 45 percent of rainfall is concentrated in the summer. The rainy season known as "plum rain season" usually lasts from mid-June to late July. During this season, the plums are ripening, hence the name plum rain.
Climate data for Yangzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
29.3 (84.7) |
34.1 (93.4) |
35.8 (96.4) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.1 (102.4) |
39.9 (103.8) |
37.5 (99.5) |
32.5 (90.5) |
28.3 (82.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
39.9 (103.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
16.3 (61.3) |
9.6 (49.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
5.1 (41.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
23.5 (74.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
16.2 (61.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.5 (31.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
1.3 (34.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −9.9 (14.2) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
7.0 (44.6) |
12.6 (54.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50.5 (1.99) |
49.1 (1.93) |
75.8 (2.98) |
69.6 (2.74) |
86.2 (3.39) |
165.2 (6.50) |
210.3 (8.28) |
174.2 (6.86) |
74.3 (2.93) |
54.0 (2.13) |
54.1 (2.13) |
36.6 (1.44) |
1,099.9 (43.3) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.7 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 10.7 | 13.1 | 12.1 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 7.9 | 7.1 | 112.4 |
Average snowy days | 3.9 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 9.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
73 | 72 | 69 | 67 | 68 | 74 | 78 | 79 | 77 | 75 | 75 | 73 | 73 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 129.9 | 128.1 | 156.6 | 180.0 | 189.5 | 149.5 | 173.1 | 184.4 | 164.2 | 168.4 | 146.5 | 141.8 | 1,912 |
Percent possible sunshine | 41 | 41 | 42 | 46 | 44 | 35 | 40 | 45 | 45 | 48 | 47 | 46 | 43 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration[32][33] |
Transportation
Yangzhou has one
Air
The Yangzhou Taizhou International Airport, completed in 2012 to serve Yangzhou and neighboring Taizhou, is located in Jiangdu district. The Nanjing Lukou International Airport is over 100 km (62 mi) away; it takes one hour and 40 minutes to get there from central Yangzhou. Prior to the completion of the Yangzhou Taizhou Airport, Lukou Airport in Nanjing was the primary air gateway for passengers destined for Yangzhou. There are over 10 airline ticket offices in Yangzhou, providing convenient service for foreign and domestic tourists. domestic and international fight are available with 10 international airlines and more than 20 domestic ones
Rail
Until 2004, Yangzhou was not served by passenger rail. Yangzhou railway station began construction in 2003 and was completed a year later. It is located on the western outskirts of the city, and is a major station on the Nanjing–Qidong railway, and provides direct passenger service to the provincial capital as well as a number of major cities to the west, north, and south (such as Xi'an, Wuhan, and Guangzhou), including an overnight Z-series express train to Beijing.[34] Later, frequent high-speed (D-series) service has been introduced on this line as well.
There is no direct rail service between Yangzhou and
In 2016, construction work started on a new north–south rail line, the Lianyungan-Huai'an-Yangzhou-Zhenjiang Railway. The new Yangzhou station will be located on the east side on the city, between Yangzhou main urban area and
River transport
Yangzhou harbor, 11.5 km (7.1 mi) south from the city center, is located at the junction of the Beijing–Hangzhou Canal and the Yangtze River. The average water depth is 15–20 meters. In 1992, the State Council approved it to become a first-grade open state harbor, and General Secretary Jiang Zemin inscribed its name. Now, it has developed into a comprehensive inland harbor, integrating passenger, freight, container transportation and harbor trade, and has become the main distribution center of northern Jiangsu province, eastern Anhui Province and southeast Shandong Province. There are several dozen categories of goods including iron and steel, timber, minerals, coal, grain, cotton, container, products of light industry and machinery. The passenger routes reach Nanjing, Wuhu, Jiujiang, Huangshi and Wuhan in the west, and Nantong and Shanghai in the east. Some well-known luxury international liners also anchor here. The harbor has greatly promoted the development of exports and the overall local economy.
Expressways
The Ningyang (Nanjing–Yangzhou) Expressway crosses the southern part of Yangzhou's metropolitan area while the Ningtong (Nanjing–Nantong) Expressway is connected to Yangzhou at Liaojiagou. In recent years, local government have attached great importance to the development of the tourism, in conjunction with a greater effort dedicated to the improvement of the local road transport system. With a total investment of 680 million yuan, the Yangzhou section of the Ningyang Expressway was completed on December 18, 1998, and opened to traffic in June 1999. Stretching nearly 18 km (11 mi), the section of the expressway starts from the Bazi Flyover as the entry/exit, via the Yanggua Highway, the Tonggang Highway, an ancient canal, the Yangwei Highway, the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal and the Yangling Highway, to Liqojiagou Entry/Exit of Yangjiang Highway. It then passes the Jiangdu Flyover to directly link up with the Huaijiang Expressway. In addition, the section of Huaijiang Expressway within the territory of Yangzhou began construction on March 22, 1997, which will be commonly used by the state planned Tongjiang–Sanya and Beijing–Shanghai trunk lines. The section of Huaijiang Expressway in Yangzhou totals 112.04 km (69.62 mi)in length, starting from Jinghe Town of Baoying in the north to the entry/exist of Zhuanqiaozhen Flyover of Jiangdu in the south. It then links with Ningtong Expressway, passing by three counties (cities) such as Baoying, Gaoyou and Jiangdu and 26 towns, at a total cost of 3.7 billion yuan. It is expected to be open to traffic by the year 2000.[citation needed]
Intercity bus service
During the daytime, frequent bus service operates between Yangzhou and nearby cities. There are several bus stations on the city's outskirts; most of the buses from
Transportation in the urban area
The city is served by an extensive network of public bus routes.
Yangzhou's taxi industry began in 1982, and has developed rapidly since 1993. the city has over 40 taxi companies of various ownership structures, with a total of 1,571 vehicles. Parking lots were established at key stations and hotels, and eight taxi companies have opened round-the-clock telephone service. The construction department of the municipal government has strengthened the management of taxi services, providing education in the relevant laws, professional ethics and safety aspects.
In 2014, Yangzhou's government approved plans for the construction of a subway system, which will initially include two lines. Line 1 will run in the general east–west direction, from Yangzhou Railway Station in the west to the historic central city to the future high-speed railway station (east of the Grand Canal) to
Tourist transportation
To develop tourism in Yangzhou, sightseeing buses have been introduced in the city run by the Tianma travel agency under the Yangzhou Tourist Bureau. There is a tour guide on each bus. The route, starting from Yangzhou station, has eight stops, and passes by such scenic spots of the
Industries and shipyards
Yangzhou is the site of Chengxi shipyard, large shipyard where bulk carriers and other types of large ships are built.
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Yangzhou-childrens-library-scooter-parking-3411.jpg/220px-Yangzhou-childrens-library-scooter-parking-3411.jpg)
The Yangzhou dialect (Chinese: 扬州话; pinyin: Yángzhōu huà) of Chinese is representative of
Dialect has also been used as a tool for regional identity and politics in the
During a period of prosperity and imperial favor, the arts of storytelling and painting flourished in Yangzhou. The innovative painter-calligrapher Shitao lived in Yangzhou during the 1680s and again from 1697 until his death in 1707. A later group of painters from that time called the Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou are famous throughout China.
Former General secretary of CPC, President of China Jiang Zemin was born and raised in Yangzhou. His middle school is located right across from the public notary's office in Yangzhou.
Yangzhou is famous for its carved lacquerware and jade.
Some of China's most creative and eye catching dishes come from the Yangzhou school of cuisine called Huaiyang (also commonly known as the Weiyang school). Along with Sichuan cuisine, Cantonese cuisine, and Shandong cuisine, Huaiyang cuisine (淮扬菜) is a distinctive and masterful skill that locals are quite proud of.
The city is famous for its
The city was awarded Habitat Scroll of Honor in 2006.
Yangzhou is also very famous for its toy industry (especially stuffed animals). Many tourists from neighboring cities travel to the city for its good-quality and low-priced toys.
It is worth mentioning that the city is also famous for an ancient folk art called Yangzhou storytelling (扬州评话), which is like
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chinese_snowball.jpg/220px-Chinese_snowball.jpg)
Literary references
Yangzhou was frequently referenced in Chinese literature. Poet Li Bai (c. 700–762) wrote in Seeing Meng Haoran off to Yangzhou from Yellow Crane Pavilion:
- At Yellow Crane Pavilion in the west
- My old friend says farewell;
- In the mist and flowers of spring
- He goes down to Yangzhou;
- Lonely sail, distant shadow,
- Vanish in blue emptiness;
- All I see is the great river
- Flowing into the far horizon.
Du Mu wrote the famous lines on Yangzhou:[47]
- After ten years, I awoke from my Yangzhou dream,
- All I gained was a fickle reputation in the green mansions.
The "green mansions" or "green/black lofts" (qinglou) refers to the pleasure districts for which Yangzhou became known.[48]
In the Qing dynasty novel Dream of the Red Chamber, the character of Lin Daiyu is from Yangzhou.
Tourism
Tourist sights include Slender West Lake and old residences in the moated town, such as the Wang Residence and the Daming temple. Yangzhou is famous for its many well preserved Yangzhou style gardens. Most of the Historic city is in the Guangling District.
Slender West Lake
Named after Hangzhou's famous
; Small Gold Mountain (Xiao Jinshan); and the Fishing Platform (Diaoyutai), a favorite retreat of the Qing emperor Qian Long. The emperor was so gratified by his luck in fishing at this spot that he ordered additional stipends for the town. As it turns out, his success had been augmented by local swimmers who lurked in the lake busily attaching fish to his hook.-
Study hall
-
Four Bridges in Rain and Mist
-
Imperial birthday celebration stage
-
Mao Zedong's calligraphy of Tang dynasty poet Du Mu poem
-
24 ancient beauties played flute on this bridge
-
White Dagoba against Oncoming Clouds, part of Lianxing Temple
-
The Jinjingge bridge
Daming Temple
Located on Shugang Hill, in the city's northwest, is Fajing Temple, formerly known as DaMing Temple. The original temple was built in Liu Song dynasty (420–479). A nine-story pagoda, the Qilingta, was built on the temple grounds in the year of Sui dynasty (589–618) . A recent addition to the temple complex is the Jianzhen Memorial Hall, built according to Tang dynasty methods and financed with contributions raised by Buddhist groups in Japan. When Qing Emperor Qian Long visited Yangzhou in 1765, he was troubled by The temple's name DaMing (which literally means "Great Ming') fearing that it might revive nostalgia for the Ming dynasty, which was overthrown by his Manchu predecessors. He had it renamed Fajing Temple. The temple was seriously damaged during the Taiping Rebellion at the beginning of the 20th century. The present structure is a reconstruction dating from the 1930s.
-
Da Ming Temple
-
Memorial Hall of monk Jianzhen
-
Da Ming temple pagoda
Flat Hills (Ping Shan) Hall
Built by the Song dynasty writer Ouyang Xiu when he served as prefect of the city, this hall stands just west of Fajing Temple. Looking out from this hall, the mountains to the south of the Yangtze River appear as a line at the viewer's eye level, hence the name Flat Hills Hall. When Ouyang Xiu's student Su Dongpo moved to Yangzhou, he too served as prefect of the city. He had a hall built directly behind the one erected by his master, and called it Guling Hall.
Pavilion of Flourishing Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Yangzhou-WenchangGe-traffic-3417.jpg/220px-Yangzhou-WenchangGe-traffic-3417.jpg)
The Pavilion of Flourishing Culture (, Wénchāng Gé) is a round, three-story pavilion in Yangzhou's eastern sector, built in 1585 and celebrating the city's rich cultural traditions. It is also the de facto center of the city.
Built during Ming dynasty, it is located on the cross of Wenchang Road and Wenhe Road. The whole building is about 79-foot high, and looks like Temple of Heaven in Beijing. Today, bordered by many shopping stores, Wenchange had been a symbol of commercial center to residents.
Stone Pagoda
The Stone Pagoda (石塔, Shítǎ) is a five-story Tang-era pagoda west of the Pavilion of Flourishing Culture. First built in 837, it is the oldest pagoda still standing in Yangzhou.
Tomb of Puhaddin
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Yangzhou-Minaret-3284.jpg/220px-Yangzhou-Minaret-3284.jpg)
This is essentially a Ming dynasty graveyard that includes the tomb of Puhaddin. According to information at the tomb, he was a 16th generation descendant of Muhammad, the prophet. The tomb is on the eastern bank of the (Old) Grand Canal in the eastern sector of the city and is adjacent to a mosque which houses a collection of valuable materials documenting China's relations with Muslim countries.[49]
Ge Garden
He Garden
Yechun Garden
Yechun Garden or Yechunyuan lies on the banks of the Xiading River at the city's northern limits. Under the Qing, the poet Wang Yuyang and his circle of friends used to gather in the garden to recite their works. The thatched roofs of the pavilions in this garden give it a quaint rustic air.
Yangzhou Museum
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yangzhou-Double-Museum-2869.jpg/220px-Yangzhou-Double-Museum-2869.jpg)
The Yangzhou Museum is on the west shore of Bright Moon Lake, its architecture intended to embody the harmony of man and nature. The museum proper—covering the history of Yangzhou and the surrounding areas of China—occupies only a portion of the third floor, the other floors technically organized and operated as separate museums including the Chinese Block Printing Museum (扬州中国雕版印刷博物馆) established by the State Council in August 2003 to house 300,000 printing blocks collected by Yangzhou's Guangling Press. All together, the museums cover an area of 50,000 square meters (540,000 sq ft) with the exhibition area occupying a fifth of the total.
Jiangdu Hydro Project
The
Education
Universities and colleges
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou Polytechnic College
- Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute
- Yangzhou Medical University
Primary and secondary education
- Yangzhou High School of Jiangsu Province
- HanJiang High School Of Jiangsu Province
- Yangzhou Xinhua High School
- Shuren School of Yangzhou Middle School Education Group
- High School Affiliated to Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou NO.1 Middle School
- Guazhou High School
- Jiangdu High School of Jiangsu Province
- Baoying High School of Jiangsu Province
- Gaoyou High School of Jiangsu Province
- Yizheng High School of Jiangsu Province
Sister cities
Balashikha, Moscow Oblast, Russia
Kent, Washington, US[51]
Malacca City, Malaysia
Neubrandenburg, Germany[52]
Offenbach am Main, Germany (since 1997)[53]
Orléans, France
Nara, Japan
Porirua, New Zealand[54]
Vaughan, Ontario, Canada
Westport, Connecticut, US[55]
Colchester, UK[56][57]
See also
References
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- ^ tielu.org Archived 2016-12-05 at the Wayback Machine, schedule search for Yangzhou
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- ISBN 0-8047-2359-1. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
With the exclusion of Yangzhou came the denigration of its dialect, a variant of Jianghuai "Mandarin" (guanhua). The various Wu dialects from the Lake Tai area became the spoken language of choice, to the point of replacing guanhua...
- ^ Vibeke Børdahl, The Oral Tradition of Yangzhou Storytelling, London: Routledge, 1996; Vibeke Børdahl and Jette Ross, Chinese Storytellers: Life and Art in the Yangzhou Tradition, Cheng and Tsui 2002.
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- ISBN 978-8776940355.
- ^ "Garden Tomb of Puhaddin Beijing to Shanghai Review". fodors.com.
- ^ Finnane (2004), p. 209.
- ^ "Yangzhou, China". City of Kent, Washington. Archived from the original on 2014-05-20.
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- ^ "Offenbach und seine Partnerstädte". City of Offenbach. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
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- ^ "Essex's twin towns across the world and how similar they are to each other". 30 May 2021.
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- Austin, Alvyn (2007). China's Millions: The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2975-7.
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- Hay, Jonathan (2001). Shitao: Painting and Modernity in Early Qing China. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39342-6.
- Ho, Ping-ti (1954). "The Salt Merchants of Yang-chou: A Study of Commercial Capital in Eighteenth-Century China, "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 17: 130-168.
- Hsü, Ginger Cheng-chi (2001). A Bushel of Pearls: Painting for Sale in Eighteenth-Century Yangchow. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3252-3.
- Meyer-Fong, Tobie (2003). Building Culture in Early Qing Yangzhou. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4485-8.
- Olivová, Lucie, and Vibeke Børdahl (2009). Lifestyle and entertainment in Yangzhou. Copenhagen: NIAS Press. ISBN 978-87-7694-035-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - "Yangzhou." Encyclopedia of China. ed. Dorothy Perkins. Chicago: Roundtable Press. 1999. ISBN 1-57958-110-2
- Schinz, Alfred (1996). The magic square: cities in ancient China. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 3-930698-02-1.
- Yule, Henry (2002), The Travels of Friar Odoric
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png)
- Government website of Yangzhou Archived 2015-08-10 at the Wayback Machine
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 902–903. .