Jiujiang

Coordinates: 29°39′40″N 115°57′14″E / 29.661°N 115.954°E / 29.661; 115.954
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Jiujiang (disambiguation).
Jiujiang
九江市
Kiukiang
China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-JX-04
Websitewww.jiujiang.gov.cn/english/
Jiujiang
Tâi-lô
Káu-kang

Jiujiang (Chinese: 九江; lit. 'nine rivers'), formerly transliterated Kiukiang[3] or Kew Keang, is a prefecture-level city located on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China. It is the second-largest prefecture-level city in Jiangxi province.

Jiujiang is one of the first five cities that were opened to foreign trade along the Yangtze River following the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy. It is the Yangtze River's shipping hub international gateway, and Jiangxi's only international trade port city. Jiujiang Port is the fourth largest port on the Yangtze River.[4][5]

Its population was 4,600,276 inhabitants at the

Chaisang).[6] In 2007, the city was named China's top ten livable cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.[7] In 2022, the State Council of China granted Jiujiang the title of Famed National Historical and Cultural City for its rich history and multiculture background in the Republic of China
era.

Administrative divisions

Map including Jiujiang (labeled as CHIU-CHIANG (KIUKIANG) (walled) 九江) (AMS, 1954)
  • Districts
    :
  • Xunyang District
    (浔阳区)
  • Lianxi District
    (濂溪区)
  • Chaisang District
    (柴桑区)
  • Counties
    :
  • Others:
  • Bureau and Administration Committees
  • Mount Lu Scenic Area Administration Bureau
  • Mount Lu West Sea Scenic Area Management Committee
  • Bali Lake New Area Management Committee
  • Poyang Lake Ecological Science and Technology City Management Committee
  • Towns and Sub-district Offices
  • There are 235 towns and 11 sub-district offices
Map

History

The mountain range to the South of Jiujiang

Ancient history

In ancient times it was told that nine rivers converged near where Jiujiang sprang up to become Jiangxi's main water port today. From the Xia to the Shang dynasty, the capitals of several states were located in area of Jiujiang.[citation needed] In the Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BCE) Jiujiang bordered between the states of Wu (downstream, to the east) and Chu (upstream, to the west).

Imperial history

forced exile as a middle rank official to reside in such a small and remote town. In the 13th century Zhu Xi was a Confucian philosopher who practiced at the White Deer Grotto Academy
, on Mount Lu's eastern flanks.

Jiujiang has also been known as Jiangzhou (江州) and Xunyang (浔阳) in former times. During the

Taiping rebellion stronghold for five years (1850–1864) after they[who?
] devastated the town to only leave one street with buildings intact. The city served as the capital of Taiping's Jiangxi province during this time.

British concession and European settlement history

The Jiujiang waterfront circa 1873.
Former Abbey
Former Japanese Consulate
Former Catholic School
Former Mobil Firm

The arrival of the Europeans

A member of Lord Elgin's committee arriving in 1858 to survey Chinese ports for treaty status noted: "We found it to the last degree deplorable." A single dilapidated street, composed only of a few mean shops, was all that existed of this once thriving populous city. The remainder of the vast area composed within its massive walls 9–10 kilometers in circumference, contained nothing but ruins, weeds and kitchen gardens. After Jiujiang becoming an open treaty port in 1862, it was exporting Jiangxi's vast rice crop. In 1904, more than 160,000 kilos of opium were moved through its customs house. The New York Methodist Mission Society's superintendent, Virgil C. Hart, arrived in Kiukiang in 1866 and bought a piece of property just east of the city wall. This is where the city's first Methodist church and Western hospital was built, with the hospital renamed the No. 1 Hospital, and the oldest/continuous operating hospital in Jiangxi Province.[9] In 1896 Drs. Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu) and Ida Kahn (Kahn Cheng) arrived back in Jiujiang, being China's first two native female Western-educated doctors; having graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School. They were provided with funds collected by Dr. I. N. Danforth (from Chicago residents), to build the Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Hospital and administered entirely by the native Chinese. This was later renamed Jiujiang Women's and Children's Hospital, and the nursing education by Drs. Stone and Kahn would later be the impetus for the founding of Jiujiang University and Jiujiang Medical School.[10]

It became one of the three centers of the tea trade in China along with Hankou and Fuzhou. The Russians had two brick tea producing factories, but ceased operations after 1917. On October 16, 1927, there was an explosion of ammunition on the Chinese troopship Kuang Yuang near Jiujiang.[11] The British surrendered their concession in 1927 after being robbed and its Chinese workers mutineered their posts to the marauding crowds. An economic recession had set in over the decades as Indian and Chelonian tea made for greater competition. A military advance was being staged upriver in Wuhan by the Kuomintang in 1927 and all the remaining expatriate community fled on British and American warships towards safer waters of Shanghai, to never return.[citation needed] Jiujiang languished as a port and much of its export trade was siphoned off with the connecting of Nanchang to coastal rail lines built in 1936–37.

The establishment of the British concession

Further information: British Concession of Jiujiang
Former Taiwan Bank of Japan

After China's defeat in the Second Opium War, China and Britain signed the Treaty of Tientsin. At the beginning of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (1861), the British counsellor, Harry Parkes, went to the new port on the Yangtse River by naval vessel according to the treaty to investigate the situation and select the site of concession to be opened. After the concession sites of Zhenjiang and Hankou were delimit, on March 22, Harry Parkes returned to Jiujiang from Hankou and decided to open up a commercial port in Jiujiang.[12]

In the 11th year of xianfeng (1861), Zhang Jixin, general minister of Jiangxi province, signed with Harry Parkers the treaty of opening up the British concession in Jiujiang, the Treaty of Land Lease in Jiujiang. The concession was located in a narrow area on the west of Jiujiang, between the Yangtze River and Gantang Lake, to the west of Longkai River, with a length of 150 zhang from east to west and a depth of 60 zhang from south to north, covering an area of 150 acres. The southern part of the concession includes part of PenPu Port.[13]

The development of Kuling in Mount Lu

Kuling poster in the 1920s

In the early 20th century,

Mount Lu became the summer resort for international residents because of its beautiful geological landscape and nice climate. At the golden age, over 4000 foreigners from America and European countries lived in this small town in summer time.[14]

Kuling, on the slopes of a wide valley of Mount Lu, was established in 1895 by the missionaries Edward Selby Little, Dr. Edgerton Haskell Hart and three others, as a sanitarium and rest resort for Western missionaries in southern China. They built their houses in the colonial style of architecture, and added churches, schools, and sports facilities. It was named by Little, as a pun: it is wonderfully cooling after the summer heat in the plains below. It was also a word that sounded conveniently Chinese to the local people, and has been adopted by them. Kuling was run by the missionaries in a Kuling Council that sold the plots of the land and with the proceeds paid for local services and security. In 1910, Caroline Maddock Hart and four others met to found the Nurses Association of China; with Caroline Maddock Hart being its first president.

Yangtze River

Modern history

Until 1949 Jiujiang had very little industry except for local handicrafts. Manufacturing is Jiujiang's backbone today with auto, machinery, petrochemical, shipbuilding and textiles as its cornerstones. After the completion of the Yangtze River Bridge in 1992 and the Beijing to Kowloon (Hong Kong) and Wuhan to Shanghai rail systems laid, a convenient ground corridor was provided and a regional airport now serves most of China's capital cities.

In 2005, an earthquake hit Ruichang. Kuling American School Association donated 200 sets of desks and chairs and more than 50 sets of Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary to a local primary school near Ruichang.[15][16]

Economy

Economic and Technological Development Zones

  • Jiujiang Free Trade (Tariff-free) Zone[17]
  • Jiujiang National Economical and Technological Development Zone[18]
  • Jiujiang Gongqingcheng National High-tech Industrial Development Zone[19]

Latest Ranking in the Chinese Cities

In 2021, Jiujiang's GDP is 373.528 Billion Yuan. Jiujiang's GDP ranks 70th among all Chinese cities.[20]

Demography

The city administers a total population of approximately 4,600,276 at the 2020 census of whom approximately 2,814,240 are urban living in the urban area.[6] The population density is 240 per km2. Han Chinese make up 99.8% of the population. Registered residents include 25 ethnic minorities. Six of them are major minorities in Jiujiang. They are: Hui, Miao, Zhuang, Tujia, and She.

Jiujiang dialect is unlike typical Gan dialect of Jiangxi. Jiujiang dialect is a variety of Lower Yangtze Mandarin and is close to Wu languages.[citation needed]

Climate

Climate data for Jiujiang (1991–2014 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.8
(89.2) 		34.1
(93.4) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.6
(101.5) 		40.9
(105.6) 		40.9
(105.6) 		38.9
(102.0) 		35.6
(96.1) 		29.7
(85.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		40.9
(105.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.0
(46.4) 		11.0
(51.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		29.8
(85.6) 		33.7
(92.7) 		32.6
(90.7) 		28.7
(83.7) 		23.5
(74.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		21.7
(71.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.9
(40.8) 		7.5
(45.5) 		11.5
(52.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		29.8
(85.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		24.8
(76.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		7.3
(45.1) 		17.8
(64.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.6
(36.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		26.7
(80.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.7
(62.1) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.8
(40.6) 		15.0
(59.0)
Record low °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		3.6
(38.5) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.8
(67.6) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		5.6
(42.1) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−6.7
(19.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 80.7
(3.18) 		99.2
(3.91) 		147.6
(5.81) 		166.6
(6.56) 		186.0
(7.32) 		229.3
(9.03) 		170.0
(6.69) 		123.3
(4.85) 		74.3
(2.93) 		73.5
(2.89) 		73.5
(2.89) 		54.0
(2.13) 		1,478
(58.19)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 12.6 12.4 15.9 14.5 13.9 14.1 10.7 11.2 8.1 8.5 10.3 9.4 141.6
Average snowy days 3.6 2.2 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.5 8
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		76 75 75 74 74 79 74 77 76 72 74 72 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 86.0 90.3 109.6 135.3 148.8 133.9 197.0 188.7 158.0 152.5 124.4 113.0 1,637.5
Percent possible sunshine 26 29 29 35 35 32 46 47 43 43 39 36 37
Source: China Meteorological Administration[21][22]

Industry

Primary industries and tertiary sector include:[23]

  • Manufacturing
  • Petrochemical Refinement
  • Tourism
  • Import/Export (through river port)
  • Agricultural Chemical Production

Transport

Road:[24]

Rail

[25]

  • Beijing-Kowloon
  • Tongling–Jiujiang
  • Hefei–Jiujiang
  • Wuhan–Jiujiang
  • Nanchang–Jiujiang Intercity Railway
  • Chang-jiu intercity railway
  • Wu-jiu high speed railway
  • Jiujing-qu railway
  • He-an-Jiu passenger dedicated line
  • Fu-gang-jiu passenger dedicated line
  • Chang-jiu high speed railway.

Air

[26]

Port

Jiujiang Port is the largest port in Jiangxi Province located at the junction of the Yangtze River, Poyang Lake and the Beijing-Kowloon Railway. From west to east, this port consists of five docks namely Ruichang, Chengxi, Chengqu, Hukou and Pengze. As an important port situated on the lower and middle reaches of Yangtze River and one of the 5 main ports on the river, many domestic and international marine routes have been established, In the main, the freight handled consists of mineral building materials, coals, metal and nonmetal ores and petroleum. [27]

Yangtze Bridges

At present, Jiujiang has two Bridges built across the Yangtze River. They are Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge and Jiujiang Yangtze River Expressway Bridge. The third bridge across the Yangtze River in Jiujiang is under construction. The fourth bridge across the Yangtze River in Jiujiang is being designed [28] [29]

Colleges and universities

Jiangxi Vocational College of Finance and Economics

International relations

Former Diplomatic Representatives in Jiujiang

Twin towns — Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Jiujiang is

twinned
with: [43]

Tourism

Nanshan Park

Notable residents

  • Mary Stone (Shi Meiyu) (1873–1954), one of the first western trained Chinese female physicians. Founder of Elizabeth Skelton Danforth Hospital (now called Jiujiang Women and Children's Hospital) in Jiujiang.[61][62]
  • Lo-Yi Chang (1907–1988), was born in
    T.V. Soong, then Premier of the Republic of China. She has made a significant contribution to the promotion of China overseas.[63]
  • Kuling in summer time. Her father built a stone villa in Kuling in 1897, and lived there until his death in 1931.[64][65]
  • former Japanese consulate of Jiujiang. Masato Matsuura said :I was born in the former Japanese consulate of Jiujiang. Jiujiang is my second hometown. I am deeply attached to the beautiful landscape here.[68]
  • Chiang Yee (1903–1977), born in Jiujiang. He was a Chinese poet, author, painter and calligrapher. His translation of Coca Cola is remembered by all Chinese.[69]
  • Mount Lu. He was an English writer, artist, poet, and illustrator. He was well known for being the illustrator of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.[70]
  • Maggie Mac Neil (2000- ), born in Jiujiang and adopted to Canada at an early age[71]
  • Sylvia Wu (1915–2022), born in Kiukiang and later became a Los Angeles restaurateur and a writer.
  • Ilien Tang (died 1920), Methodist missionary educator born in Jiujiang[72]

See also

References

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  2. ISBN 978-7-5037-7809-4. Archived from the original
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  3. Postal romanization
  4. ^ "改革开放40年：九江港成为名副其实的"亿吨大港"". Jiujiang News Network. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  5. ^ ""百年老港"江西九江港稳固亿吨大港地位". Sohu.com. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
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  8. People.com.cn. 29 May 2014. Archived from the original
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External links

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