Yellow-shouldered blackbird
Yellow-shouldered blackbird | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Family: | Icteridae |
Genus: | Agelaius |
Species: | A. xanthomus
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Binomial name | |
Agelaius xanthomus (P. L. Sclater, 1862)
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Subspecies[2] | |
A. x. monensis Barnes Jr, 1945 | |
Synonyms | |
Icterus xanthomus |
The yellow-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus), known in
Taxonomy
The nominate form of the yellow-shouldered blackbird (A. x. xanthomus) was first described from Puerto Rico and
The species is closely related to, and possibly derived from, the
Description
The yellow-shouldered blackbird, as its name implies, is a glossy black bird with a small yellow humeral patch around its "shoulders" outlined by a white margin. Immature individuals possess a duller coloration and a brown abdomen. Although plumage coloration is indistinguishable between the sexes, sexual dimorphism is present in this species with males being larger than females. Plumage abnormality is rare in this species. Adult individuals measure from 20–23 cm (7.9–9.1 in); on average, males weigh 41 g (1.4 oz) and females weigh 35 g (1.2 oz). Sexual categorization may also be made by measurement of the wings, with males' being 1.1 times larger and having a mean length of 102 cm (40 in), while females' wings have an average length of 93.3 cm (36.7 in).
Conservation and habitat
The species was once commonly found in the coastal forests of the archipelago of Puerto Rico, but during the early 20th century, these forests were cut down to allow for the development of
In 1976 Post and Wiley estimated the Mona subspecies population at 200 individuals.[4] Subsequent roost counts and studies from 1981 to 1995 estimated the population at anywhere between 220 and 400 individuals. Studies performed in the island of Monito, located 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Mona, revealed an average of 25 individuals with breeding being observed. The studies also revealed that birds traveled from the west coast of Mona to Monito.
Yellow-shouldered blackbirds are non-migratory birds, but a portion of the population of the nominate form moves from coastal areas to inland areas during the non-breeding season to feed.
Diet
Yellow-shouldered blackbirds are
Studies have not been performed to determine the dietary habits of the Mona subspecies, but consumption of insects, spiders, fruits from Pithecellobium species and the cacti Selenicereus species, Pilosocereus royenii, Harrisia portoricensis, and Opuntia species, seeds from gumbo limbo (Bursera simaruba) and Ficus species and nectar from Aloe vera, yucca and Croton discolor have been observed.
Reproduction and behavior
The yellow-shouldered blackbird
Yellow-shouldered blackbirds engage in
The species engages in
Threats and conservation efforts
The yellow-shouldered blackbird was listed as an
Diseases such as
Nest predation has been an important contributor to the decline of the yellow-shouldered blackbird. Known terrestrial predators include rats (Rattus rattus), mongooses and feral cats, all introduced species to Puerto Rico. Rats constituted the main nest predator eating both eggs and hatchlings. A 1983 report concluded that rat predation accounted for 48% of nest failures that year. The majority of the activity coincided with the recession of water from July to August which exposed the mangrove nesting area to dry land. Since the middle 1980s artificial PVC nesting structures have been created in mudflats surrounding mangrove forests to reduce rat predation. These structures replaced old wooden nesting boxes and were readily accepted by the species. Presently, few (one or two) natural nests are observed each year in the area.
The loss of feeding and breeding habitat and brood parasitism by the shiny cowbird are among other threats that limit and endanger the yellow-shouldered blackbird populations. Natural predators, such as the pearly-eyed thrasher (Margarops fuscatus), also represent a threat, although minor, to the populations. These animals have been reported to steal eggs and young from nests and to also destroy or steal nesting materials which in many cases leaves the young as prey for the predators.
See also
- Fauna of Puerto Rico
- List of birds of Puerto Rico
- List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
- List of Puerto Rican birds
- List of Vieques birds
- El Toro Wilderness
References
- . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ "Agelaius xanthomus (P. L. Sclater, 1862)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ JSTOR 4079709. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
- ^ Post, W. & Wiley, J.W. (1976). "The yellow-shouldered blackbird–present and future". American Birds. 30: 13–20.
- ^ "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services – Species Profile". Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- JSTOR 4089449.
- ^ Post, William & Browne, Micou, M. (1982). "Active anting by the Yellow-shouldered Blackbird" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 94 (1): 89–90. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Species profile for Yellow-shouldered Blackbird". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
- ^ Post, William (Winter 1981). "The prevalence of some ectoparasites, diseases and abnormalities in Yellow-shouldered Blackbirds" (PDF). Journal of Field Ornithology. 52 (1): 16–22. Retrieved 2006-04-22.
- "Recovery plan for the Yellow-shouldered Blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus)" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
- Oberle, Mark (2003). Las aves de Puerto Rico en fotografías (in Spanish). Editorial Humanitas. ISBN 0-9650104-2-2.
- "Yellow-shouldered Blackbird". Division of Endangered Species. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon October 4, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
- "Yellow-shouldered Blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus)". National Audubon Society. Retrieved April 21, 2006.
- "Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered". Retrieved April 21, 2006.