Yuri Orlov
Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov | |
---|---|
Юрий Фёдорович Орлов | |
Born | |
Died | 27 September 2020 | (aged 96)
Nationality | Russian |
Citizenship |
|
Alma mater | Moscow State University, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics |
Known for | his scientific work and participation in human rights movement in the Soviet Union |
Spouses | |
Children | sons Dmitri, Aleksandr, Carter-Menil Human Rights Prize (1986), honorary doctorate Uppsala University (1990)[1] Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service (1995), Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS) (2006),
Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators American Physical Society (2020)[2] |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Accelerator physics, Nuclear physics |
Institutions | |
Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov (
Early career
Yuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow.[16] His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov.[3] In March 1933, his father died.[3]
From 1944 to 1946, Orlov served as an officer in the
In 1956, Orlov nearly lost his scientist career due to his speech at the party meeting about discussion of the report "
What is the meaning of life? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay ... I have again looked at, added up, corrected, and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good ... (Yuri Orlov, 1980)[20]
Orlov obtained the
Dissidence
In September 1973, when Pravda published a statement by a group of prominent academics denouncing Andrei Sakharov's anti-patriotic activity, Orlov decided to support him, while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s, in which some academics demanded the death penalty for others already arrested; later some of these academics themselves were arrested, with some academics who were not arrested demanding the death penalty for them.[19][21]: 163 [22]: 161
Defending Sakharov, Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote "Open Letter to L.I. Brezhnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It"[23] which appeared in underground samizdat circulation.[24] The Western press published the letter in 1974[25] but publication in the Russian press was only in 1991.[26] In the early 1970s, the article by Yuri Orlov "Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible?" also appeared in underground samizdat circulation.[24]
In 1973, he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first Amnesty International group in the Soviet Union.[17]
In May 1976, he organized the
Arrest and trial
On 10 February 1977, Orlov was arrested.[30][31][32] In March 1977, Orlov published the article about his arrest "The road to my arrest."[33] In a closed trial, he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses.[34]
The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by the authorities, while supporters and friends of Orlov, including Andrei Sakharov, were barred from entering because there was no room.[7] Orlov's summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted "spy" and "traitor."[7] According to Orlov's wife Irina, hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted: "You should have given him more."[35]
Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the Helsinki Accords.[7] Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian, not subversive, reasons.[7] On 15 May 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labor camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group.[36]
Protests over Orlov's trial
US President
In the summer of 1978, 2,400 American scientists
Imprisonment and exile
For a year and a half, Orlov was imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison, then Perm Camp 35 and 37.[20] In Perm Camp 37, he mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes.[46] Two articles written by him in the camp were smuggled and published abroad.[47] On 5 July 1983, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky sent the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov a letter asking for his release to Austria, but it was intentionally not answered.[48]
The New York-based Helsinki Watch issued a statement about Orlov's health deterioration, "He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells, resulting from an old skull injury. He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation, low blood pressure, rheumatic pains, toothaches, insomnia and vitamin deficiency. Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate."[27] Orlov suffered from tuberculosis.[49] He lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth.[50] Orlov's wife said he looked emaciated and that she was "very fearful for my husband's health. The authorities are gradually killing him."[51]
In 1984, Orlov was exiled to Kobyay in Siberia and was allowed to buy a house with a garden.[32] On 14 November 1985, Professor George Wald raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who answered he had not heard of Orlov.[52]
Deportation and US citizenship
On 30 September 1986, the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[53] Orlov's discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist Nicholas Daniloff.[54] Orlov's release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress.[55] Former US President Jimmy Carter said, "As for Orlov, we're very delighted with this happy occurrence. We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country, but I don't know that he will. I have no way of knowing his plans."[56]
On 10 December 1986, Orlov was awarded the Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize of $100,000.[57]: 253 In 1987, Orlov began work at Cornell University as a scientist and professor.[58] Orlov was a visiting fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1988/89.[6][59] A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Orlov studied particle accelerator design, beam interaction analysis and quantum mechanics. He authored and co-authored numerous research papers,[60] articles on human rights,[61] and an autobiography, Dangerous Thoughts (1991).[62]
In 1990, Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988.
In 1993, Orlov received American citizenship.[59]
In 1995, the American Physical Society awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service.[68] In 2005, he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize, awarded biennially by the American Physical Society to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights.[68][69] In 2020, a few days before Orlov died, the American Physical Society awarded him the 2021 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators for his scientific work and for "embodying the spirit of scientific freedom."
In 2004, Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying, "Russia is flying backwards in time. Putin is like Stalin, and he speaks in the language of the thug, the mafia."
Orlov participated in two documentaries about the
Orlov died on 27 September 2020, aged 96.[73]
References
- ^ "Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden".
- ^ "2021 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators Recipient". American Physical Society.
- ^ a b c d e "Орлов Юрий Федорович (р. 1924)" [Orlov Yuri Fyodorovich (b. 1924)] (in Russian). The Sakharov Center.
- ISBN 978-0-684-19325-0.
- ^ "Yuri Orlov vows he'll continue to struggle for human rights". Kentucky New Era. 2 October 1986. p. 48.
- ^ The National Security Archive.
- ^ a b c d e "Orlov receives maximum sentence" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. Vol. LXXXV, no. 113. 21 May 1978. p. 2.
- ^ "Yuri Orlov (1924–2020)". CERN. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
- .
- ^ Human Rights Watch World Report 1990. Human Rights Watch. 1991. p. 296.
- ^ Information, Reed Business (2 July 1981). "CERN turns its back on Yuri Orlov". New Scientist. 91 (1260): 4.
{{cite journal}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - ^ Garelik, Glenn (21 July 1991). "Science and dissidence". The Washington Post.
- .
- ^ Information, Reed Business (9 October 1986). "Orlov receives red carpet from Western science". New Scientist. 112 (1529): 16.
{{cite journal}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Founder of the Soviet human-rights movement". U.S. News & World Report. 101 (16): 23. 10 October 1986. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
- ^ a b c Wren, Christopher (1 October 1986). "Man in the news; a pragmatic crusader: Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov". The New York Times.
- ^ ISBN 978-9287169471.
- ^ .
- ^ Radio Liberty(in Russian). 15 August 2014.
- ^ a b Bailey, Anthony (25 April 1983). "Orlov". The New Yorker. p. 40.
- ISBN 978-0-688-10471-9.
- ISBN 978-5852720023.
- ISBN 978-9024725380.
- ^ ISBN 978-9814619318.
- ^ Orlov 1974.
- ^ Aksyutin & Medvedev 1991.
- ^ The Los Angeles Times.
- ISBN 978-0-307-57551-7.
- ISBN 978-1-139-49892-0.
- ^ Shanker, Thom (1 October 1986). "Bitter Siberian ordeal ends at last for Yuri Orlov". Bangor Daily News. p. 9.
- ^ Bailey, Anthony (19 September 1977). "Defending Yuri Orlov". The New Yorker. p. 29.
- ^ UPI. 6 October 1986.
- ^ Orlov 1977.
- ^ Oshins, Eddie (3 February 1983). "The case of Yuri Orlov". The New York Review of Books.
- ^ "Yuri Orlov sentenced to 12 years". Herald-Journal. Vol. 106, no. 99. 19 May 1978.
- ^ Information, Reed Business (20 May 1982). "CERN scientists speak out for Orlov". New Scientist. 94 (1306): 473.
{{cite journal}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 938.
- ^ "U.S. senators seek Nobel for Helsinki groups" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. Vol. LXXXV, no. 159. 16 July 1978. pp. 1–2.
- S2CID 143084296.
- ^ Information, Reed Business (9 February 1984). "Soviet physicist could face new jail term". New Scientist. 101 (1396): 4.
{{cite journal}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - ISBN 978-2863320969.
- Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 40 (2).
- ISBN 978-9814407434.
- ^ Information, Reed Business (11 November 1982). "A small word in support of Orlov". New Scientist. 96 (1331): 341.
{{cite journal}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - ^ O'Toole, Thomas (3 June 1978). "Orlov's sentence causes third U.S. physicist group to cancel Russian trip". The Washington Post.
- ^ Information, Reed Business (22 November 1979). "Concerns about Orlov's health". New Scientist: 592.
{{cite journal}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - ^ Orlov (1981, 1982)
- ^ About the letter by Bruno Kreisky to the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov
- ^ "Soviet dissident Orlov reported terminally ill". Los Angeles Times. 15 November 1985.
- ^ "Yuri Orlov is reported very sick" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. Vol. LII, no. 24. 10 June 1984. p. 2.
- ^ Information, Reed Business (22 November 1979). "Concern about Orlov's health". New Scientist. 84 (1182): 592.
{{cite journal}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - The Glasgow Herald. 15 November 1985.
- ^ "О лишении гражданства и выдворении из СССР Орлова Ю.Ф." [On the deprivation of citizenship and expulsion of Orlov Yu F. from the USSR] (PDF) (in Russian). Soviet archives collected by Vladimir Bukovsky. 30 September 1986.
- ^ Valentine, Paul (6 October 1986). "Soviet dissident Orlov starts 'a new life' in U.S." The Washington Post.
- ISBN 978-1-139-49892-0.
- ^ "Yuri Orlov wins human rights award". Lodi News-Sentinel. 1 October 1986.
- ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9.
- The Chicago Tribune.
- ^ a b "Curriculum vitae of Yuri Orlov" (PDF). Cornell University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2015.
- ^ "Yuri F. Orlov". 2007-06-10. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
- ^ Orlov 1979; Orlov & Bethell 1987; Orlov (1988a, 1988b); Gottfried & Orlov 1989; Birman, Lizhi & Winick 1994
- .
- ^ "Citizenship: better late than never". Time. 27 August 1990.
- ^ "Solzhenitsyn, 22 others qet citizenship back". The Pittsburgh Press. 16 August 1990. p. A8.
- ^ "Solzhenitsyn cool as Moscow confirms offer". The New York Times. 17 August 1990.
- ^ Rosenthal, Andrew (5 December 1987). "For the Soviet emigres, Gorbachev stirs both optimism and skepticism". The New York Times.
- ^ Bonner & Orlov 1991.
- ^ a b Gold, Lauren (14 November 2005). "First Andrei Sakharov Prize for human rights goes to Cornell physicist and former Soviet gulag prisoner Yuri Orlov". Cornell Chronicle.
- ^ "2018 Stanley Corrsin Award Recipient". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
- ^ "Soviet-era dissidents despise Putin". The Washington Times. 13 November 2004.
- ^ Orlov, Yuri (24 March 2005). "A letter to Vladimir Putin". Sakharov Center.
- NEWSru.com. 1 December 2005.
- ^ The founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group, Yuri Orlov, dies
Some publications
- Orlov, Yuri (Spring–Summer 1974). "Letter to L.I. Brezhnev". Survey (14): 241–245.
- Orlov, Yuri (March 1977). "The road to my arrest". The New Leader. 60 (6).
- Orlov, Yuri (Spring 1979). "On prisoners in Soviet camps". Survey (24): 67–91.
- Orlov, Yuri (October 1981). "A quantum model of doubt". S2CID 86711656.
- Orlov, Yuri (January 1982). "The wave logic of consciousness: a hypothesis". S2CID 121387263.
- "Yury Orlov: I believe in the people". Index on Censorship. 16 (2): 10. 1987. .
- Orlov, Yuri; Bethell, Nicholas (May 1987). "Out of the Gulag and into exile". Encounter (26): 48–52.
- Orlov, Yuri (1 October 1988). "Before and after glasnost". Commentary. 86 (4): 24.
- Orlov, Yuri (1988). "The Soviet Union, human rights, and national security". In Corillon, Carol (ed.). Science and human rights. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. pp. 62–67.
- Gottfried, Kurt; Orlov, Yuri (19 December 1989). "A man who would not be silenced: Sakharov: he saw scientific, political and moral realities as one equation, and he died still warning about 'tomorrow'". The Los Angeles Times.
- Bonner, Elena; Orlov, Yuri (18 July 1991). "Armenia: an open letter". The New York Review of Books.
- Orlov, Yuri (1991). Перейти к полной свободе в сфере идей [Passing to full freedom in the area of ideas] (PDF). In Aksyutin, Yuri; Medvedev, Roy (eds.). Л.И. Брежнев: Материалы к биографии [L.I. Brezhnev: Materials to biography] (in Russian). Moscow: Политиздат. pp. 323–328. ISBN 5-250-01721-5.
- Orlov, Yuri (1991). Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life. New York: ISBN 978-0-688-10471-9.
- Орлов, Юрий (1992). Опасные мысли: Мемуары из рус. жизни [Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life] (in Russian). Moscow: ISBN 978-5852720023.
- Birman, Joseph; Lizhi, Fang; Winick, Herman; Chudnovsky, Eugene; Orlov, Yuri (August 1994). "Science and human rights". S2CID 4233365.
- Orlov, Yuri (1997). Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа? [Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?]. In Akhmetiev I.; Kulakov V. (eds.). Самиздат века [Samizdat of the century] (in Russian). Minsk: Полифакт. ISBN 978-5-89356-004-6.
- Orlov, Yuri (2005). Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа? [Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?]. In Igrunov, Vyacheslav (ed.). Антология самиздата. Неподцензурная литература в СССР. 1950–1980-е.: В 3-х томах: т. 3: после 1973 [Anthology of samizdat. Uncensored literature in the USSR. The 1950s–1980s. In 3 volumes. Volume 3. After 1973] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Международный институт гуманитарно-политических исследований. pp. 191–205. ISBN 978-5-89793-034-0. Archived(PDF) from the original on 8 March 2013.
Further reading
- Yuri Orlov Cornell University Homepage
- "Aftermath of the Orlov trial". S2CID 36312156.
- "APS joins in appeals for Orlov and Shcharansky". .
- "Biography of Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov" (PDF). Basket III: implementation of the Helsinki Accords. Hearings before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Ninety-fifth congress. First session on implementation of the Helsinki Accords. Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1977. pp. 67–69. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2015.
- "Exiled Yuri Orlov". Newsweek. 104 (23): 57. 12 October 1984. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016.
- "News from Orlov's trial". doi:10.1038/273329a0.
- "Человек дня – Юрий Орлов, основатель и первый председатель Московской Хельсинкской Группы" [The man of the day Yuri Orlov, the founder and first chairman of the Moscow Helsinki Group]. Radio Liberty(in Russian). 13 May 2006.
- Alexeyeva, Lyudmila (1977). "The Orlov tribunal". Index on Censorship. 6 (6): 52–60. S2CID 143045934.
- Bethell, Nicholas (17 October 1986). "How Orlov survived in Soviet prison". The Montreal Gazette. p. A1, A5.
- Bromley, Allan; Feshbach, Herman; Garvey, Gerald; Hyde, Earl; Keller, Lewin; Weneser, Joseph (August 1978). "Soviet boycott by US physicists over Orlov". .
- Carr, Bruce (May 1977). "Physicists petition Soviet Academy on Orlov arrest". .
- De Boer, S. P.; Driessen, Evert; Verhaar, Hendrik (1982). "Orlov, Jurij Fedorovič". Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 405–406. ISBN 978-9024725380.
- Hyman, Lloyd; Katz, Joseph; O'Connor, Timothy; Peshkin, Murray; Ringo, Roy (21 October 1977). "Concerning Y. Orlov and A. Sharansky". PMID 17770484.
- Jacobs, Michael (June 1979). "Current response to Orlov jailing". .
- Jacobs, Michael (December 1979). "Yuri Orlov's wife fears for his health". .
- Rich, Vera (18 May 1978). "Yurii Orlov suffers two trials". doi:10.1038/273178a0.
- Rich, Vera (25 May 1978). "Americans cancel visits in protest over Orlov". S2CID 4187105.
- Rich, Vera (1979). "A day in the life of Yurii Orlov". Nature. 277 (5698): 591. doi:10.1038/277591a0.
- Rich, Vera (16 February 1984). "Soviet Union: Orlov's fate in balance". doi:10.1038/307585a0.
- Rich, Vera (23 February 1984). "Orlov appeal". doi:10.1038/307673b0.
- Rich, Vera (9 October 1986). "Soviet Union: freedom at last for Orlov". doi:10.1038/323478a0.
- Sakharov, Andrei; Meiman, Naum (March–April 1982). "The plight of Yuri Orlov". JSTOR 42762207.
- Shapley, Deborah (2 June 1978). "Handler protests Orlov trial". PMID 17740677.
- Sessler, Andrew (November 1986). "Reflections occasioned by the release of Yuri Orlov". .
- Sweet, William (May 1987). "Orlov provides perspectives on Gorbachev's reforms". .
- Turchin, Valentin (July 1985). "Orlov in exile". .
Video
- Natella Boltyanskaya (8 September 2014). "Восемнадцатая серия. Юрий Орлов" [The eighteenth part. Yuri Orlov]. Voice of America (in Russian). Parallels, Events, People.
- Юбилейный вечер Юрия Орлова (Anniversary evening of Yuri Orlov, 19 min, in Russian) on YouTube