Zamoskvorechye District

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55°44′23″N 37°37′30″E / 55.73972°N 37.62500°E / 55.73972; 37.62500

Zamoskvorechye District on the map of Moscow

Zamoskvorechye District (Russian: райо́н Замоскворе́чье) is a district of the Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population: 55,612 (2010 Russian census);^[1] 50,590 (2002 Census).^[2]

The district contains the eastern half of the historical Zamoskvorechye area (its western half is administered by

Territories on the right (southern) bank of

The fortified line on the site of the present-day Garden Ring was built between 1591 and 1592 during the reign of Feodor I. Within the fortress wall, life was organized in a patchwork sloboda system. Soldiers, craftsmen and foreigners settled in clearly defined communities, with some degree of personal liberty and independence from the Tsar's authorities. Some of them included:

• Royal garden attendants (садовники, sadovniki) settled around
  Balchug Street in the beginning of present-day Sadovnicheskaya Street
  , from 1495 until the fire of 1701
• Tanners specializing in sheepskin (oвчинники, ovchinniki) settled the beginning of Pyatnitskaya Street, and gave their name to Ovchinnikovsky Lanes
• Royal mint workers (монетчики, monetchiki) settled in the southern end of the neighborhood on Pyatnitskaya Street (Monetchikovsky Lanes)
• Streltsy troops under the command of colonel Veshniakov gave rise to the name Vishnyakovsky Lane
• The
  Tatar community, which are still present in Tatarskaya Street's population^[4][5]
• Court translators (толмачи, tolmachi, German: Dolmetscher) in Tolmachevsky Lanes

18th century

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The sloboda system eventually fell apart as a result of

In 1783, Moscow was hit by a disastrous flood. As a consequence, the city cleared the old river bed, building a canal that separated Sadovniki from the mainland (see

View from the Kremlin by Benoist et Aubrun (mid-19th century)

Construction of Babiegorodskaya Dam and the clearing of the Vodootvodny Canal in the 1830s reduced the flood hazard, but the land remained cheap. This led to steady industrialization of Zamoskvorechye, starting with small home-based factories continuing the old sloboda traditions. Soon after the Emancipation reform of 1861, vacant lots in Sadovniki and Tatarskaya Streets became an industrialized, working-class area. These factories, from textile to turbine blades, were recently torn down or rebuilt into office space (Sparkling Wine Bottlery, in Sadovnicheskaya Street, still operates). Construction of Pererva and Kolomna dams between 1874 and 1877 attempted to improve shipping, but by this point, shipping had already lost out to the railroads.^[6]

In 1857, English brothers Theodore and Edward Bromley set up a mechanical plant south from the Garden Ring, producing small hand tools. The Bromley brothers' business rapidly expanded, and by 1917 it controlled numerous metallurgical and mechanical plants around Paveletsky railroad. Essentially creating a monopoly of plumbing supplies and railroad tooling.^[7] Another well-known business still has its headquarters on the corner of Pyatnitskaya and canal: Smirnoff distillery, established on this site in 1862.^[8]

Moscow's first electrical powerplant was built in 1886 in

In 1922,

The 1935 Master Plan of Moscow called for completing the Boulevard Ring through Zamoskvorechye, which had not yet been finished. However, a thin line of stalinist buildings, starting from Komissariatsky Bridge, indicates the path of this failed project. More Stalinist buildings were built on the perimeter of Zamoskvorechye (Garden Ring and embankments). Flood hazard was eradicated with the construction of the Moscow Canal (1932-1938). River banks that used to change every season were firmly set in granite; downtown bridges were rebuilt to capacitate up to 6, 7, or 8 lanes of traffic.

In 1941, residents of Zamoskvorechye formed the Twelfth Militia Division of Kirovsky District (дивизия народного ополчения Кировского района). Later renamed the 139th Rifle Division, this unit fought at

• The Bakhrushin Museum of theater (built in 1896, on the corner of Bakhrushina Street and Garden Ring)
• Paveletsky Rail Terminal
• Tretyakov Gallery and all its affiliate halls are actually located in Yakimanka District, two blocks west from the boundary between two districts

Churches

• Church of Beheading of John the Baptist (18th century), Pyatnitskaya, 4 [1]
• Church of St. George in Yendova (1653), Sadovnicheskaya Street, 6 [2]
• Church of Resurrection behind Serpukhov Gates (1762), Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya, 24 [3]
• Church of Iberian Theotokos in Vspolye (1791–1802), Bolshaya Ordynka, 39 [4]
• Church of Icon of Theotokos the Mother of the Dead, Zatsepa, 41
• Church of Icon of Theotokos the Mother of Joy in Sorrow, Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya, 31-4
• Church of Intercession of Theotokos, Novokuznetskayam 38-1, of Old Believers Russian Old-Orthodox Church
• Church of life-giving Trinity in Vishnyaki (1824–1826, architect: Afanasy Grigoriev), Pyatnitskaya, 51 [5]
• Church of Archangel Michael in Ovchinniki, Sredny Ovchinnikovsky, 7 [6]
• Church of Saint Clement, Pope of Rome
  , Pyatnitskaya, 26/7
• Church of Saints Mikhail and Fyodor, Martyrs of Chernigov (1675), Chernigovsky, 3. Named for two martyrs slain when they would not renounce their Christian faith
• Church of Saint Martyrs Frol and Lavr in Zatsepa (1778), Dubininskaya, 9/3 [7]
• Church of Saint Nicholas in Zayaitskoye (1741–1759, attributed to architect Ivan Michurin, Second Raushsky, 1-3 [8]
• Church of Saint Nicholas in Kuznetskaya and Church of
  Saint Vladimir, Vishnyakovsky, 15 [9]
• Church of Saint Nicholas in Pyzhi, Bolshaya Ordynka, 27 [10]
• Church of Transfiguration of Savior in Bolvanovka
  (1755, disputed), Second Novokuznetsky, 10

Theaters

• Moscow International House of Music in Red Hills
• Maly Theater, second stage (built in 1915 as Struisky Theater), Bolshaya Ordynka, 69
• Teatr Luny (Театр Луны), Malaya Ordynka, 31

Listed memorial buildings

• 18th - early 19th century buildings in Pyatnitskaya Street (Nn. 18, 19, 31, 44, 46, 67 etc.)
• 18th - early 19th century buildings in Bolshaya Ordynka Street (Nn. 21, 41, 45 etc.)
• 19th century housing and military institutions in Sadovnicheskaya Street (Nn. 57, 59 etc.)
• 19th century buildings in Novokuznetskaya Street (Nn. 28, 29, 31 etc.)
• New Kriegskomissariat, Kosmodamianskaya, 24-26 and adjacent historical buildings (Nn. 28)
• School 518 (1935), the only listed postconstructivism memorial building

Public transportation access

Moscow Metro:

• Novokuznetskaya, Tretyakovskaya - north and center
• Dobryninskaya, Serpukhovskaya - south-west
• Paveletskaya-Koltsevaya
  - south-east
• Tulskaya - southern extremity

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zamoskvorechye.

• www.zmsk.ru Official website of Zamoskvorechye District
• Russian State Library 1882 photographs, temples of Zamoskvorechye and Yakimanka
• Zamoskvorechye is a vast and exceptionally interesting district south of the Kremlin [In English]