Zearalenone

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Zearalenone
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(3S,11E)-14,16-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-3,4,5,6,9,10-hexahydro-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecine-1,7(8H)-dione
Other names
Mycotoxin F2
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard
 100.038.043 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C18H22O5/c1-12-6-5-9-14(19)8-4-2-3-7-13-10-15(20)11-16(21)17(13)18(22)23-12/h3,7,10-12,20-21H,2,4-6,8-9H2,1H3/b7-3+/t12-/m0/s1 checkY
    Key: MBMQEIFVQACCCH-QBODLPLBSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C18H22O5/c1-12-6-5-9-14(19)8-4-2-3-7-13-10-15(20)11-16(21)17(13)18(22)23-12/h3,7,10-12,20-21H,2,4-6,8-9H2,1H3/b7-3+/t12-/m0/s1
    Key: MBMQEIFVQACCCH-QBODLPLBBS
  • C[C@H]1CCCC(=O)CCC/C=C/c2cc(cc(c2C(=O)O1)O)O
Properties
C18H22O5
Molar mass 318.369 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Zearalenone (ZEN), also known as RAL and F-2

Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium equiseti,[3] Fusarium verticillioides,[4] and Fusarium incarnatum. Zearalenone is the primary toxin that binds to estrogen receptors, causing infertility, abortion or other breeding problems, especially in swine.[4] Often, ZEN is detected together with deoxynivalenol in contaminated samples and its toxicity needs to be considered in combination with the presence of other toxins.[5]

Zearalenone is heat-stable and is found worldwide in a number of cereal crops, such as

oats, wheat, rice, and sorghum.[6][7][8] Its production increases when the climate is warm with air humidity at or above twenty percent. [4] The environmental pH plays also a role in the toxin's production. When temperatures fall to 15oC, alkaline soils still support ZEN production. At the preferred Fusarium temperature, which ranges between 25oC and 30oC, neutral pH results in the greatest toxin production. [9]

In addition to its actions on the classical estrogen receptors, zearalenone has been found to act as an agonist of the GPER (GPR30).[8]

Chemical and physical properties

Zearalenone is a white

methylene chloride, methanol, ethanol, and acetone. It is also soluble in aqueous alkali.[citation needed
]

The naturally occurring isomer trans-zearalenone (trans-ZEN) is transformed by ultraviolet irradiation to cis-zearalenone (cis-ZEN).[10]

Metabolic pathways and products

Zearalenone is metabolically transformed to α-zearalenol (α-Zel) or (α-Zol), β-zearalenol (β-Zel) or (β-Zol), α-zearalanol (α-Zal), β-zearalanol (β-Zal), and zearalanone (ZAN) in animals. [9][11] The relative composition of these metabolic products varies by species. In pigs, cows and ducks, α-Zel is the dominant form detected.[12] [13][4] In humans, both α-Zel and β-Zel are seen in urine samples, with the beta form being prevalent.[14] In chickens, β-Zel is the dominant form and in plant cells, the metabolic product zeralenonne-14-O-β-glucoside has been detected.[4] Additionally, in the organs of animals these metabolic products are further modified to yield zearalenone-14-glucuronide (ZEN-14GlcA), α-zearalenol-glucuronide (α-Zel-14G) and β-zearalenol-glucuronide (β-Zel-14G).[15]

Dermal exposure

Zearalenone can permeate through the human skin.[16] However, no significant hormonal effects are expected after dermal contact in normal agricultural or residential environments.

Reproduction

Zearalenone structure is similar to estrogens and α-zearalenol binds with an even greater affinity estrogen receptors, while β-zearalenol's affinity is lower than both the parent compound's and α-Zel's binding affinity.[4] This identifies ZEN and its metabolites as xenoestrogens.[3] The human and livestock exposure to ZEN through the diet poses health concern due to the onset of several sexual disorders and alterations in the development of sexual apparatus.[17][18] There are reliable case reports of early puberty in girls chronically exposed to ZEN in various regions of the world.[19] In mice, ZEN consumption was linked to a decline of potent sperm and egg cells, an increase to double-stranded breaks in DNA and activation of DNA repair mechanisms, followed by embryonic development challenges that reduced the viability of offspring.[11]

Sampling and analysis

In common with other mycotoxins, sampling food commodities for zearalenone must be carried out to obtain samples representative of the consignment under test. Commonly used extraction solvents are aqueous mixtures of methanol,

MS/MS
analysis is used to quantify and confirm the presence of zearalenone.

Typically, the representative sample is commuted and homogenized then few grams are used for extraction with acetonitrile/water mixture. The procedure is the widely used QuEChERS method that quickly and effectively extracts small molecules, like mycotoxins and pesticides, from complex food matrices and animal tissues. The determination step relies on liquid chromatography - mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).[15] Another approach for the analysis of ZEA, without the requirement of expensive instrumentation, is developing specific peptide mimetic with the bioluminescent Gaussia luciferase fused as one protein that can bind specifically to ZEA.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Zearalenone". Fermentek. January 2002.
  2. PMID 32517357
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 33807171
    .
  4. ^
    PMID 33418872
    .
  5. PMID 33669302
    .
  6. PMID 2961013
    .
  7. doi:10.1021/jf00083a019
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 24530924
    .
  9. ^
    PMID 33530606
    .
  10. S2CID 17466231
    .
  11. ^
    S2CID 46927149
    .
  12. PMID 33669302
    .
  13. PMID 33499402
    .
  14. PMID 33917988
    .
  15. ^
    PMID 29558416
    .
  16. PMID 22749975
    .
  17. PMID 20002219
    .
  18. PMID 22484360
    .
  19. PMID 24632555
    .
  20. PMID 32886242
    .

External links

  • Media related to Zearalenone at Wikimedia Commons
  • Eriksen GS, Pennington J, Schlatter J (2000). "Zearalenone". WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety - Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants. Inchem. WHO Food Additives Series.
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