Zimbabwean diaspora
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The Zimbabwean diaspora refers to the
Countries with the biggest diaspora populations include South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States.[16] There is mobility within the diaspora. For example, some Zimbabweans have moved to the UK before deciding to settle in Australia.[17]
History
Historically, Zimbabwe has long been a destination for immigration, rather than a source of immigrants, with large waves of migration occurring from Africa, Europe led by the United Kingdom as well as other minorities notably from
However, permanent emigration is a relatively new phenomenon. There have been two major waves of emigration from Zimbabwe. The first was that of
In contrast, wealthier Zimbabweans tend to have an easier route to the UK, with many having family or ancestral ties to the country, while others are able to arrive as skilled professionals, investors or students, making the community wealthier than arrivals from other countries in Africa and more comparable to
Overall statistics
It is estimated that there are millions of residents outside of Zimbabwe's borders who were either born in the country or are descended from immigrants. Permanent emigration is a relatively recent phenomenon having begun in the 1990s but expanded significantly since 2000. Much of the country's middle class has chosen to emigrate due to poor political and economic conditions at home, especially during the political violence that marred the 2000s, essentially
The Zimbabwean diaspora has a 95% literacy rate and a highly skilled adult population. The main languages spoken are English, Shona, and Ndebele.
Context
In December 2017 the website Zimbabwe News and
The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3.5 per cent per annum, doubling every 21 years thanks to high birth rates, relatively low death rates and modest immigration. Had this growth been maintained, the population would have been 31 million. Instead, as of 2018, it is about 13 million. The discrepancies were believed to be caused widespread emigration as well as premature deaths from political violence, starvation and disease, and partly due to a notable fertility decline. The life expectancy fell during the 2000s, and death from politically motivated violence sponsored by government exceeds 200,000 since 1980. The policies of the Mugabe government have directly or indirectly caused the premature deaths of an estimated three million Zimbabweans in 37 years.[23]
By country
Australia
Zimbabweans form a significant community in Australia with their numbers having grown to over 34,787 Zimbabwe-born as of 2018. When including their Australian and foreign born members, the government estimates at least 60,000 people being equally divided between black and white Zimbabweans[24][25] The community is now well established, with some of the highest incomes in the country,[26] as well as with community institutions such as Zimbabwean language schools.[27] One in three of Australia's Shona and Ndebele-speakers live in Sydney with other concentrations of Zimbabweans in Perth, Melbourne and Queensland. Indeed, some 78 per cent of Zimbabwean Aussie adults hold a tertiary degree, making them the best educated group in the country[24][28][29]
Along with their fellow South African immigrants, the Zimbabwean Australian community has become something of an invisible model minority in Australia, in part because they are represented as having a high degree of integration within the Australian society as well as economic and academic success.[22] Furthermore, Zimbabweans in Australia on average have a high level of education attainment, as well as higher than average incomes, which can be partially attributed to Zimbabwe's high education rates as well as the growing popularity of Australian universities as an affordable alternative for foreign students.[22]
Unlike their counterparts from Asia, they have not formed distinct enclaves within the major cities of Australia and the degree of assimilation is higher than most recent migrants to Australia, due to better cultural, historical, and linguistic similarities with Australia. Despite this, the community is still strongly attached to its homeland while being increasing integrated into Australian society, with many travelling back and forth.[22]
Botswana
There are estimated to be between 40,000 and 100,000 Zimbabweans in Botswana as of 2009[update].[30] Zimbabweans are the most numerous nationality among registered foreign workers in Botswana.[31] More than half of Zimbabwean migrant workers are employed in agricultural and mining occupations, while others work in construction, real estate, finance, retail, education, health and manufacturing. As a result, a disproportionate number of Zimbabweans form part of Botswanas skilled workers, boosting the country's economy at the expense of Zimbabwe itself.[32] Others, especially the more- irregular migrants, are engaged as maids, herders or in cross-border trading.[33]
Canada
According to the 2016 census, there were 30,035 Canadians with Zimbabwean background, 15,650 of whom were born in Zimbabwe.
Ireland
In the
New Zealand
South Africa
There are estimated to be between eight hundred thousand and three million Zimbabweans in South Africa as of 2018[update]. Migration between the two countries has been a feature throughout the 20th century, traditionally with mostly
Ironically, The Zimbabwean immigrant is the most similar to native South Africans of all major foreign immigrants in the country, and they easily adapt to their new place of residence, due to similarities in
Zimbabwean immigration has accompanied the ups and downs suffered by the country in recent decades in terms of political and economic instability.
However, Zimbabweans still face significant challenges in South Africa, with working class and poorer migrants disproportionately suffering from discrimination and
Despite this, numerous academics, students, athletes, journalists, artists and professionals stand out within the Zimbabwean community in South Africa.
United Kingdom
Zimbabwean Britons are British people of Zimbabwean descent. There are approximately 500,000 Britons of Zimbabwean origin or descent. Most live in the Greater London and South East England.[36] London has the largest population of people of Zimbabwean descent in the United Kingdom. Other notable areas with Zimbabweans include Berkshire, and Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Milton Keynes and Birmingham.[37]
Zimbabwean immigrants and their children tend to adapt quickly to British society due to the long ties between the two countries, their all but identical education systems[38] and high levels of education and English fluency compared to most immigrants to the UK.[39] In addition many Zimbabweans have family or ancestral ties to the UK or have studied and spent time there, making it easier for them to settle in Britain than other immigrants. Indeed, many professionals, particularly those in the medical field, were directly recruited by British employers to the UK, beginning in the 1990s.
Studies have pointed to the higher rate of English use among Zimbabweans, their willingness to marry non-Zimbabweans, and their eagerness to become naturalised citizens as factors that contribute to their rapid assimilation, as well as their interactions with the greater British-born community.[20] In addition, Zimbabwe has historically been a melting pot of many cultures and languages, making assimilating to a multicultural Britain easier. A minority of Zimbabweans on the other hand, particularly those who arrived as asylum seekers or with less resources, tended to struggle upon arriving in the UK and would find themselves overrepresented in high demand but less prestigious sectors such as nursing, elder and childcare.[39]
United States
There are various conflicting figures on the exact number of
The history of Zimbabwean emigration to the United States is very recent. Before 1980, the few Zimbabweans that left the country migrated to other the United Kingdom or South Africa. The emergence of serious economic and political problems beginning in the 1990s, led to a significant wave of emigration, which included large numbers of well-educated professionals, particularly in the medical field and students who began to seek out the US as an alternative destination.[43]
Most Zimbabweans find it relatively easy to adapt to life in large cities in the United States, thanks to their English usage, cosmopolitan lifestyle and a multicultural society that makes it easier to adapt to American life.
Other locations
More recently, a small but educated class of Zimbabweans, particularly those in finance,
Investment networks and economic impact
Many people of Zimbabwean descent have proved very successful, across various sectors and contexts, particularly those in Great Britain; South Africa; Australia; Canada and
Many Zimbabweans accuse the current government of widescale corruption, nepotism and ineptitude, evidenced by the looting of the
The Zimbabwean diaspora has used its identity to create strong networks to help its members out. That helped develop productive and profitable networks in Southern Africa and most major
Outreach by the Zimbabwean government
With 4 to 7 million people abroad, the Zimbabwean government increasingly sees the diaspora as a critical resource for investment, foreign exchange and remittances. Many Zimbabwean communities particularly those in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, have become among the most successful communities in their respective countries, with many moving into the middle and
The Zimbabwean government launched several programmes to better connect those abroad to Zimbabwe itself, with an objective of improving foreign investment.[52] However, many Zimbabweans abroad, have criticised the government for its high tax rates and anti-competitive policies which have made the costs and ease of doing business difficult, as well as long standing corruption by the ruling party. Partial reforms in the hospitality sector, led to a boom in investment and construction focused on the Victoria Falls region from 2018, joining the decade long real estate boom focused on the Northern suburbs of Harare, however this has all but subsided, due to the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[53]
In 2014, The government amended the constitution to allow for
However, a major stumbling block to these initiatives, is the diasporas intense opposition and hostility towards the
Zimbabweans of the diaspora
Notable people of the diaspora (including those of Zimbabwean ancestry):
A
B
- Kork Ballington
- Gary Ballance
- Janet Banana
- Kundai Benyu
- Michael Berridge
- Brad Barritt
- Heston Blumenthal
- Macauley Bonne
- Duncan Bradshaw
- Ryan Butterworth
- Linda-Gail Bekker
- Dale Benkenstein
C
- Charlene, Princess of Monaco
- David Candler
- Sophie Chandauka
- Maggie Chapman
- Tongoona Charamba
- Alex Callinicos
- Hilton Cartwright
- Rick Cosnett
- Brian Chikwava
- Adam Chicksen
- Radzi Chinyanganya
- Nora Chipaumire
- Bevil Conway
- Gary Crocker
- Ian Crozier
- Johnny Clegg
- Nick Compton
- Ben Curran
- Sam Curran
- Tom Curran (cricketer)
- Derek Chisora
- Chipo Chung
- John Collins (British businessman)
- Adam Croasdell
- Liz Chase
- Rowan Cronjé
D
- Tendayi Darikwa
- Stuart Davidson (cricketer)
- Mati Hlatshwayo Davis
- David Denton
- Jabulani Dhliwayo
- Cheryllyn Dudley
- Brian Dzingai
E
F
G
- Brendan Galloway
- Adrian Garvey
- Norman Geras
- Michael Gibbs (composer)
- Nathan Gilchrist
- Kyle Godwin
- Scott Gray (rugby union)
- George Gregan
- Anthony Graham (squash player)
- Natalie Gumede
- Danai Gurira
- Bruce Grobbelaar
H
- Richard Halsall
- Angela Hannah
- Paul Harris (South African cricketer)
- Derek Hudson
- Paula Hawkins (author)
- Graeme Hick
- Ryan Higgins (English cricketer)
- Rujeko Hockley
- Natasha Howard (rower)
I
J
K
L
M
- Connie M'Gadzah
- Miles Maclagan
- Paul Maritz
- Adam Madebe
- Mutumwa Mawere
- Anne McClintock
- Julian Mavunga
- Khalil Madovi
- Simon Manyonda
- Nyasha Matonhodze
- Kotaro Matsushima
- MF Doom
- Charles Mudede
- Strive Masiyiwa
- Joe Maphosa
- Chris Martin
- Alexander McCall Smith
- Mark McNulty
- Obi Mhondera
- David Moyo
- Tendai Mtawarira
- Kristine Musademba
- Admiral Muskwe
- Masimba Musodza
- Tkay Maidza
- Lucian Msamati
- Brian Mujati
- Lutalo Muhammad
- Andrew Murray (Australian politician)
N
- Ian Napa
- Malachi Napa
- Reiss Nelson
- Thandie Newton
- Takudzwa Ngwenya
- Peter Niesewand
- Sebastian Negri
- Lewin Nyatanga
- Denis Norman
- Tristan Nydam
P
- Regé-Jean Page
- Nico Parker
- Kevin Parker (musician)
- Nick Price
- Ian Prior (rugby union)
- Callum Paterson
- Andrew Pattison
- Ian Perrie
- David Pocock
- Clive Puzey
R
- Rationale (musician)
- Caylin Raftopoulos
- Andy Rinomhota
- Bradley Robinson (cricketer)
- Douglas Rogers (writer)
- Adam Rouse
- Roxanne Roux
- Kristina Rungano
- Tivonge Rushesha
S
- George Shire
- Glen Salmon
- Patricia Schonstein
- Bobby Skinstad
- Aaron Sloman
- Samuel Robin Spark
- Lauren St John
- Candice Swanepoel
- Gary Teichmann
- James Thindwa
- Tinashe
- Tererai Trent
- Judith Todd
- Kennedy Tsimba
V
W
- Michael Walker, Baron Walker of Aldringham
- Andrew Walton
- Roy Welensky
- Richard Wells (cricketer)
- Gayle Williams
- Jenni Williams
Z
See also
- Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom
- South African diaspora
- Human capital flight
- Diaspora politics
- History of Zimbabwe
References
- ^ "The Engagement of the Zimbabwean Medical Diaspora" (PDF). Southern African Migration Programme.
- ^ "Census 2012 national report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2020.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom, excluding some residents in communal establishments, by sex, by country of birth, January 2019 to December 2019". Office for National Statistics. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
- ^ "ABS Ancestry". Abs.gov.au. 2012.
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- ^ "Census Profile, 2016 Census". 8 February 2017.
- ^ "Rising levels of resentment towards Zimbabweans". 9 June 2008.
- ^ "Population par sexe, âge et nationalité en 2018". insee.fr. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ a b Irish census data
- ^ "Foreigners in Germany by origin 2021". Statista.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
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- ^ ISBN 9781920409227.
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- ^ Firger, Jessica (13 May 2008), "The Heartbeat of Africa in New York", New York Daily News, archived from the original on 13 May 2008, retrieved 18 April 2009
- ^ a b "Returning will take more than politics", IRIN News, 3 April 2008, retrieved 18 April 2009
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- ^ ISBN 9780674044937.
- ^ "Hong Kong's ties with Zimbabwe: The past and the present". Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ Chinaka, Cris (10 April 2012). "Zimbabwe's Mugabe "well, on holiday" – officials". Reuters World News.
- ^ "Outputs of Diaspora Engagement for Development | SAMP – Southern African Migration Programme". 20 November 2017.
- ^ a b c "Zimbabwe Jan-Sept diaspora remittances up 45% y/y due to lockdowns". Reuters. 19 November 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ a b "Personal remittances, received (% of GDP) – Zimbabwe | Data".
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- ^ "Big fail for ad aimed at Lebanese diaspora". The National. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
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- ^ "UK drives tourist boom in Victoria Falls - VictoriaFalls24".
Bibliography
- Tevera, Daniel S.; Zinyama, Lovemore (2002), Zimbabweans Who Move: Perspectives on International Migration in Zimbabwe (PDF), vol. 25, Cape Town, South Africa/Ontario, Canada: The Southern African Migration Project, ISBN 1-919798-40-4, archived from the original(PDF) on 6 June 2011, retrieved 18 April 2009
- Tevera, Daniel S.; Crush, Jonathan (2003), The New Brain Drain from Zimbabwe (PDF), Migration Policy Series, vol. 29, Cape Town, South Africa/Ontario, Canada: The Southern African Migration Project, ISBN 1-919798-48-X, archived from the original(PDF) on 6 June 2011, retrieved 18 April 2009
- Steffes, Tracy (2005), "Zimbabweans", in Reiff, Janice L.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Grossman, James (eds.), Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago, Chicago Historical Society, archived from the original on 29 August 2008, retrieved 18 April 2009
- Polzer, Tara (2008), South African Government and Civil Society Responses to Zimbabwean Migration (PDF), Migration Policy Briefs, vol. 22, Cape Town, South Africa/Ontario, Canada: Southern African Migration Project, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011, retrieved 25 August 2009
- Betts, Alexander; Kaytaz, Ezra (2009), National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus: implications for the refugee protection regime (PDF), Research Papers, vol. 175, Policy Development and Evaluation Service, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2012, retrieved 19 May 2010
External links
- So where are Zimbabweans going?
- Zimbabwean Diaspora Forum
- Zimbabweans in the Diaspora
- The Zimbabwean – UK-based Zimbabwean newspaper