Harare

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Coordinates: 17°49′45″S 31°3′8″E / 17.82917°S 31.05222°E / -17.82917; 31.05222
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the capital city of Zimbabwe. For the city in Ethiopia, see Harar.
"Southerton" redirects here. For people with the surname, see Southerton (surname).

Harare
Capital city and province
Harare skyline
Jacaranda trees lining Josiah Chinamano Avenue
Downtown Harare
Heroes' Acre monument
Council
Harare City Council
Area
982.3 km2 (379.3 sq mi)
Elevation
1,490 m (4,890 ft)
Population
 (2022 census)[1]
1,491,740
 • Density1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)
 • Urban
[2]
1,558,823
 • Metro
[3]
1,603,201
DemonymHararean
Time zoneUTC+02:00 (Central Africa Time)
 • Summer (DST)(Not Observed)
Area code242
HDI (2018)0.645[4]
Medium
Dialling code 242 (or 0242 from within Zimbabwe)

Harare (

subtropical highland
category.

The city was founded in 1890 by the

parliament moved out of Harare upon completion of the New Parliament of Zimbabwe in Mount Hampden in April 2022.[8]

The commercial capital of Zimbabwe it remains an important centre of commerce and government, as well as finance, real estate, manufacturing, healthcare, education, art, culture, tourism, agriculture, mining and regional affairs.[9] Harare has the second-highest number of embassies in Southern Africa and serves as the location of the African headquarters of the World Health Organization, which it shares with Brazzaville.[10]

Harare has hosted multiple international

World City. It is also home to Dynamos FC, the club with the most titles in Zimbabwean football
.

History

See also: Timeline of Harare
"Fort Salisbury" redirects here. Not to be confused with Fort at Salisbury Point.

Early colonial history

The Pioneer Column hoists the Union Jack on the koppie overlooking the city on 13 September 1890
Salisbury in 1930

The

The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and it subsequently became known simply as Salisbury. The Salisbury Polo Club was formed in 1896.[13] Salisbury was declared a municipality in 1897, and it became a city in 1935.[14]

The original Parliament House, constructed in 1895

At the time of the city's founding, its site and surroundings were poorly drained. The earliest development was on sloping ground along the left bank of a stream, in an area where the Julius Nyerere Way industrial road runs today. The first area to be fully drained was near the head of the stream and was named Causeway. Causeway is now the site of many important government buildings, including the Senate House and the Office of the Prime Minister. After the position was abolished in January 1988, the office was renamed for the use of the President.[15]

Jameson Avenue, Salisbury (now Samora Machel Avenue, Harare) in 1970

Salisbury was the seat of the British South Africa Company administrator and became capital of the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923.[16]

Post-war period

In the immediate aftermath of the

Second World War, Salisbury expanded rapidly, boosted by its designation as the capital of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. This growth ushered in a wave of liberalism, investment and developmentalism from 1953 to 1963, transforming the city's skyline in the process.[17] This was accompanied by significant post-war immigration by White people, primarily from Great Britain, Southern Africa and, to a lesser extent, Southern Europe.[citation needed] The rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and the investment in road development greatly accelerated the outward sprawl of suburbs such as Alexandra Park and Mount Pleasant. At the same time, mostly black suburbs like Highfield suffered from overcrowding as their populations boomed.[citation needed
]

The optimism and prosperity of this period proved to be short-lived, as the Federation collapsed, which hindered the city's prosperity.[17][additional citation(s) needed]

1960s and 1970s

The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved in 1963. Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front government declared Rhodesia independent from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, with Salisbury retained as the capital. Smith's Rhodesia later became the short-lived state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia; it was not until 18 April 1980 that the country was internationally recognised as independent as the Republic of Zimbabwe.[18]

Post-independence years

New Reserve Bank Tower, completed in 1997

The city initially boomed under a wave of optimism and investment that followed the country's independence in 1980. The name of the city was changed to Harare on 18 April 1982, the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence, taking its name from the village near Harare Kopje of the Shona chief Neharawa, whose nickname was "he who does not sleep".[19] Before independence, "Harare" was the name of the black residential area now known as Mbare.[citation needed]

Significant investment in education and healthcare produced a confident and growing middle class, evidenced by the rise of firms such as Econet Global and innovative design and architecture, exemplified by the Eastgate Centre. A notable symbol of this era in Harare's history is the New Reserve Bank Tower, one of the city's major landmarks.[citation needed]

Harare was the location of several international summits during this period, such as the 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in September 1986 and the

Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1991.[20] The latter produced the Harare Declaration, dictating the membership criteria of the Commonwealth. In 1998, Harare was the host city of the 8th Assembly of the World Council of Churches.[21]

However, by 1992, Harare began to experience an economic downturn and the government responded by enacting

income inequality. Domestic firms struggled to compete with foreign imports, leading to the collapse of several institutions, particularly in the textile industry.[17]

Economic difficulties and hyperinflation (1999–2008)

In the early 21st century, Harare was adversely affected by the political and economic crises that plagued Zimbabwe, particularly following the contested 2002 presidential election and 2005 parliamentary elections. The elected council was replaced by a government-appointed commission due to alleged inefficiency.[

Financial Gazette described the city in an editorial as a "sunshine city-turned-sewage farm".[22] In 2009, Harare was voted the world's toughest city to live in according to the Economist Intelligence Unit's livability poll, which factors in stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure.[23] The situation was unchanged in 2011, according to the same poll.[24]

Operation Murambatsvina

In May 2005, the Zimbabwean government demolished shanties, illegal vending sites, and backyard cottages in Harare, Epworth and other cities in

Movement for Democratic Change, and to reduce the likelihood of mass action against the government by driving people out of the cities.[citation needed] The government claimed its actions were necessitated by a rise of criminality and disease.[citation needed] This was followed by Operation Garikayi/Hlalani Kuhle (Operation "Better Living") a year later, which consisted of building poor-quality concrete housing.[citation needed
]

Economic uncertainty

In late March 2010, Harare's Joina City Tower was finally opened after fourteen years of delayed construction, marketed as 'Harare's New Pride'.[26] Initially, uptake of space in the tower was low, with office occupancy at only 3% in October 2011.[27] By May 2013, office occupancy had risen to around half, with all the retail space occupied.[28][relevant?]

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Harare as the world's least livable city (out of 140 surveyed) in February 2011,[29] rising to 137th out of 140 in August 2012.[30]

In March 2015, Harare City Council planned a two-year project to install 4,000 solar street lights, starting in the central business district, at a cost of $15,000,000.[31]

In November 2017, the biggest demonstration in the history of the Republic of Zimbabwe was held in Harare, which led to the forced resignation of the long-serving 93-year-old President of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, an event which was part of the first successful coup in Zimbabwe.[32][33]

Contemporary Harare

Since 2000, Harare has experienced periods of spectacular decline, particularly in the 2000s, but since the

financial and property markets. Development on the urban fringes of the city has occurred in areas such as Borrowdale, Glen Lorne, The Grange, Mount Pleasant Heights, as well as in the new suburbs of Hogerty Hill, Shawasha Hills, Bloomingdale and Westlea. Urban sprawl has also expanded into the nearby areas of Mount Hampden, Ruwa and Norton.[34] In addition, inner city areas such as Avondale, Eastlea, Belgravia, Newlands and Milton Park have seen increased gentrification driven by speculation from expat Zimbabweans. This speculation has also attracted other foreign buyers, resulting in high property prices and widespread rent increases.[35] Harare sustained the highest population increase and urban development of any major Zimbabwean city since 2000, with other cities such as Bulawayo, Gweru, and Mutare largely stagnating during the same period.[36]

Beginning in 2006, the city's growth extended into its northern and western fringes, beyond the city's

dual-citizen Zimbabweans (see Zimbabwean diaspora and Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom), Chinese and South African buyers.[34][37] Despite gentrification and speculation, the country's and city's unemployment rates remain high.[citation needed
]

In 2020, Harare was classified as a Gamma city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[38]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1982656,011—    
19921,189,103+81.3%
20021,435,784+20.7%
20121,485,231+3.4%
20221,491,754+0.4%
Source:[39]

As of 2012, Harare has a population of 2,123,132.[1] Over 90% of people in Harare are Shona-speaking people of African descent. Harare is also home to many Ndebele and Kalanga people as well. Roughly 25,000 white Zimbabweans also live in the Harare metro area.[40]

Geography

Topography

The city sits on one of the higher parts of the Highveld plateau of Zimbabwe at an elevation of 1,483 metres (4,865 feet). The original landscape could be described as a "parkland"[41] or wild place. The soils of Harare are varied: the northern and central areas largely have reddish brown, granular clay; some of the southern parts have gray-brown sand over pale, loamy sand or sandy loam.[42]

Suburbs

Main page: Category:Suburbs of Harare

The City of Harare is divided into suburbs, outside of which are independent municipalities such as Epworth, Mount Hampden, Norton, Ruwa, and Chitungwiza, which are still located within the greater metropolitan province.[43]

The

National Archives. Causeway, a road and sub-neighbourhood of central Harare, is a busy workaday area that acts as the city's "embassy row" (along with Belgravia to the north-east) in which numerous embassies, diplomatic missions, research institutes, and other international organizations are concentrated.[44] Additionally, many government ministries and museums, such as the Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences, are located here.[45]

ZANU-PF building, along with numerous law offices.[46] The neighbourhood also lends its name to the eponymous book by Petina Gappah published in 2016.[48]

The northern and north-eastern suburbs of Harare are generally home to its more affluent residents, including former president

Emerald Hill is named so either due to the green colour of the tree-covered hill or its Irish connections — many of the roads in the suburb have Irish names, such as Dublin, Belfast, Wicklow, and Cork.[50]

To the east of Harare's city center, notable suburbs include

Harare International Airport and was previously owned by William Harvey Brown, a former mayor of Salisbury. Brown was originally from Iowa and joined the occupying British South Africa Company forces in the 1890s to collect specimens for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.[50]

The southern portions of Harare have historically been more industrial areas, often home to most of its African population as well as some lower-class European-descended populations.

ZANU-PF party in a scheme where automobiles were illegally resold by various government officials.[citation needed] Harare's south-west also contains many high-density townships, which were set up by the government from the 1930s onwards. For example, Highfield, established in 1930, is the second-oldest high-density suburb in Harare. Highfield was created as a place for black workers to settle, providing labor for the industrial areas of Southerton and Workington.[50]

Climate

Jacaranda trees in Montagu Ave, Salisbury in 1975

Under the

subtropical climate
.

The average annual temperature is 17.95 °C (64.3 °F), rather low for the tropics. This is due to its high altitude position and the prevalence of cool south-easterly airflow.[52]

There are three main seasons: a warm, wet summer from November to March/April; a cool, dry winter from May to August (corresponding to winter in the Southern Hemisphere); and a warm to hot, dry season in September/October. Daily temperature ranges are about 7–22 °C (45–72 °F) in July (the coldest month), about 15–29 °C (59–84 °F) in October (the hottest month) and about 16–26 °C (61–79 °F) in January (midsummer). The hottest year on record was 1914 with 19.73 °C (67.5 °F) and the coldest year was 1965 with 17.13 °C (62.8 °F).

The average annual rainfall is about 825 mm (32.5 in) in the southwest, rising to 855 mm (33.7 in) on the higher land of the northeast (from around Borrowdale to Glen Lorne). Very little rain typically falls during the period of May to September, although sporadic showers occur most years. Rainfall varies a great deal from year to year and follows cycles of wet and dry periods from 7 to 10 years long. Records begin in October 1890 but all three Harare stations stopped reporting in early 2004.[53]

The climate supports the natural vegetation of open woodland. The most common tree of the local region is the msasa or

English oak, Japanese oak and Spanish oak.[54]

Climate data for Harare (1961–1990, extremes 1897–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.9
(93.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		32.0
(89.6) 		30.0
(86.0) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.8
(83.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.7
(98.1) 		35.3
(95.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		36.7
(98.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.2
(79.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.2
(79.2) 		25.6
(78.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		28.4
(83.1) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.5
(77.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		16.1
(61.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		21.2
(70.2) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.4
(65.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		15.7
(60.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		6.8
(44.2) 		6.5
(43.7) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.7
(53.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.8
(60.4) 		12.3
(54.1)
Record low °C (°F) 9.6
(49.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.7
(40.5) 		2.8
(37.0) 		0.1
(32.2) 		0.1
(32.2) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.1
(39.4) 		5.1
(41.2) 		6.1
(43.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		0.1
(32.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 190.8
(7.51) 		176.3
(6.94) 		99.1
(3.90) 		37.2
(1.46) 		7.4
(0.29) 		1.8
(0.07) 		2.3
(0.09) 		2.9
(0.11) 		6.5
(0.26) 		40.4
(1.59) 		93.2
(3.67) 		182.7
(7.19) 		840.6
(33.09)
Average precipitation days 17 14 10 5 2 1 0 1 1 5 10 16 82
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		76 77 72 67 62 60 55 50 45 48 63 73 62
Mean monthly sunshine hours 217.0 190.4 232.5 249.0 269.7 264.0 279.0 300.7 294.0 285.2 231.0 198.4 3,010.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 7.0 6.8 7.5 8.3 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.7 9.8 9.2 7.7 6.4 8.2
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[55] NOAA (sun and mean temperature, 1961–1990),[56]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1954–1975),[57] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[58]

Economy

Harare is Zimbabwe's leading financial, commercial, and communications centre, as well as an international trade centre for

diamonds and platinum.[citation needed] Early investor optimism following the inauguration of the Mnangagwa government in 2017 has since largely subsided due to the slow pace of reforms aimed at making Harare and Zimbabwe more business-friendly.[59] The economy suffered high inflation and frequent power outages in 2019, which further hampered investment, and the poor implementation of adequate monetary reforms alongside deficit reduction attempts had a similar effect.[citation needed] Although the government has repeatedly stressed its commitments to improving transparency, increasing the ease of doing business, and fighting corruption, progress remains limited under the Mnangagwa administration.[59]

Harare experienced a real estate boom in the 2000s and early 2010s, particularly in the wealthy northern suburbs, with prices rising dramatically over the last decade despite challenges in other sectors of the economy.[60] This boom was largely fueled by members of the Zimbabwean diaspora and by speculation, with investors hedging against the local currency.[60][34] However, the once-growing market began to cool off due to a 2019 hike in interest rates and the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving a number of projects unfinished.[61]

Another challenge to Harare's economy is the persistent emigration of highly educated and skilled residents to the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand, largely due to the economic downturn and political unrest.

emerging markets,[citation needed] has led to declining numbers of local entrepreneurs, an overstretched and declining middle class, and a dearth of employment opportunities outside the informal and public sector.[62] In addition, the city's working-class residents are increasingly moving to nearby South Africa and Botswana, though they are readily replaced by less well-off rural migrants.[63] However, despite over a decade of neglect, the city's infrastructure and human capital still compares favourably with cities in other parts of Africa and Latin America.[citation needed] It remains to be seen whether the current government can entice its diverse and well-educated Zimbabwean diaspora, numbering some 4 to 7 million people, to invest in the economy, let alone consider returning.[64][62][65]

Shopping and retail

Locally produced art, handicrafts and souvenirs can be purchased at locations including Doon Estate, Uwminsdale, Avondale Market and Mbare Musika. Msasa Park and Umwinsdale in particular host a number of galleries that produce high-quality Shona soapstone sculptures and textiles, such as Patrick Mavros Studios, which has another gallery in Knightsbridge, London.[66] International brands are generally less common in Harare than in European cities. However, conventional and luxury shopping can be found on Fife Avenue, Sam Nujoma (Union) Avenue, Arundel Village, Avondale, Borrowdale, Eastgate and Westgate.[67] Virtually all luxury shopping is concentrated in the wealthier northern suburbs, particularly Borrowdale.

Transportation

Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport

Harare is a relatively young city, mostly growing during the country's post-

Federation and post-independence booms. It was also segregated along racial and class lines until 1976. As a result, Harare today is a mostly low-density urban area geared towards private motorists, lacking a convenient public transportation system.[68] Very little investment has been made to develop an effective and integrated public transportation system, leaving a significant number of the city's residents dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.[68] The rise of local ridesharing apps such as GTaxi and Hwindi has partly eased pressure on the city's transportation system, but such rides are still too expensive for most working people to use.[69]
In addition, bus services are also available but they are mostly geared towards intercity travel and recreation than journeys within Harare itself.

The city's public transport system includes public and private sector operations. The former consists of

share taxis or 'kombis'. Unlike many other cities, metered taxis generally do not drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The minibus "taxis" are the de facto day-to-day form of transport relied upon by the majority of Harare's population.[71]

Harare Railway Station

As of May 2023, Harare is not served by any

passenger rail service. The National Railways of Zimbabwe previously operated daily overnight passenger train services to Mutare and Bulawayo using the Beira–Bulawayo railway.[72] Long-distance rail service was suspended in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has not been restarted. Between 2001 and 2006, three commuter rail routes operated in Harare, serving Tynwald, Mufakose and Ruwa. These commuter rail routes, nicknamed 'Freedom Trains', were reintroduced in 2021, but were suspended again in November 2022 due to payment disputes with ZUPCO.[73]

Long-distance bus services link Harare to most parts of Zimbabwe.[citation needed]

The city is crossed by Transafrican Highway 9 (TAH 9), which connects it to the cities of Lusaka and Beira.

The largest airport in Zimbabwe, the Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport, serves Harare.

Education

The University of Zimbabwe is located in Harare. Founded in 1952, the university is the country's oldest and largest, offering a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The student population stands at 20,399, with 17,718 undergraduate students and 2,681 postgraduate students.[74]

Sports

Kirsty Coventry, former Olympian and current Minister of Sport

Harare has long been regarded as Zimbabwe's sporting capital due to its role in developing Zimbabwean sport, the range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation.

English Premier League and elsewhere.[citation needed] Cricket and rugby are also popular sports with those from middle-class backgrounds.[citation needed
]

In 1995, Harare hosted most of the sixth

ICC Cricket 2018 World Cup Qualifier matches in March 2018.[76]

Harare is home to

T20I Cricket matches. The Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League clubs of Dynamos F.C., Black Rhinos F.C., and CAPS United F.C. also call the city home.[77]
Harare's main stadiums are National Sports Stadium and Rufaro Stadium.

The following table shows the major sports teams in the Harare area.

Club Sport League Founded Venue Capacity
Dynamos F.C. Association football ZPSL 1963[a] Rufaro Stadium
(Mbare, Harare)		 40,00
CAPS United F.C. Association football ZPSL 1973[a] National Sports Stadium
(Harare)		 60,000
Old Georgians
Rugby Union
 SSRL 1926[a] Harare Sports Club 10,000
Old Hararians
Rugby Union
 SSRL 1898[a] Harare Sports Club 10,000
Black Rhinos F.C. Association football ZPSL 1983 Figaro Stadium 17,544
Mashonaland Eagles Cricket Logan Cup 2009[a] Harare Sports club 10,000
Old Miltonians
Rugby Union
 SSRL 1910[a] Harare Sports Club 10,000
  1. ^ a b c d e f Year team moved to Harare/Salisbury

Football and cricket

The main football stadiums in Harare are the National Sports Stadium and Rufaro Stadium.

Virtually all first-class and international

2022-23 Logan Cup season.[79]

Rugby

Harare is also the heartland of

British and Irish Lions, Argentina, and the All-Blacks on their respective tours of South Africa. However, this is no longer the case, due to the end of traditional rugby tours and the Zimbabwe national rugby union team's decline in the international rugby rankings.[82] Wales was the last major country to tour Harare, visiting in 1993.[83]

High school teams are generally of a high standard, with Prince Edward School, St. George's College, and St. John's College all ranking among the country's leading teams and frequently sending their first XV sides to compete against well-known South African high schools during Craven Week.[82] After high school, the city's best players unfortunately tend to move on to South Africa or the United Kingdom due to a lack of professionalism and greater educational and earning opportunities abroad, thus depleting the strength of the rugby union in Zimbabwe.[84] Notable internationals hailing from Harare include Tendai Mtawarira, Don Armand, and Brian Mujati, among numerous others.[85]

Media

Harare is host to some of Zimbabwe's leading media outlets. Despite accusations of government censorship and intimidation, the city maintains a robust press, much of which is defiantly critical of the current government.[86][additional citation(s) needed] In print media, the most internationally-famous paper is the Herald, the city's oldest newspaper, founded in 1893 and former paper of record prior to its purchase by the government. The paper is best noted for its heavy censorship during the Rhodesian Front government from 1962 to 1979, with many of its articles appearing as redacted — with black boxes marking the words removed by government censors — before its forced purchase.[87] Today it is largely seen as little more than a government mouthpiece by residents and overwhelmingly supports the government line.[88][additional citation(s) needed]

In contrast, private newspapers continue to adopt a more independent line and enjoy a diverse and vibrant readership.[

left wing opposition paper; and Kwayedza, the leading Shona language newspaper in Zimbabwe.[88][additional citation(s) needed
]

Online media outlets include ZimOnline, ZimDaily, the Zimbabwe Guardian and NewZimbabwe.com amongst others.[89][90][87]

Television and radio

The state-owned ZBC TV maintains a monopoly on free-to-air TV channels in the city, with private broadcasters (such as the now-defunct Joy TV) coming and going based on the whims of the government.[91] As such, many households that can afford the cost subscribe to the satellite television distributor DStv for entertainment, news, and sport from Africa and abroad.

In November 2021, it was announced that six new free-to-air private television stations would go live in Zimbabwe and join ZBC TV after the Broadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe issued licences, ending the 64-year monopoly enjoyed by the state-owned broadcaster. Zimpapers Television Network, a subsidiary of diversified media group Zimbabwe Newspapers Ltd, was one of the channels awarded a free-to-air television licence. The other five were NRTV, 3K TV, Kumba TV, Ke Yona TV, and Channel Dzimbahwe.[92][93]

Harare is also well served by radio, with a number of the country's leading radio stations maintaining a presence in the city. There are currently four state-controlled Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation channels (SFM, Radio Zimbabwe, Power FM and National FM), as well as private national commercial free-to-air stations such as Star FM, Capital 100.4 FM, and ZiFM. In addition, Channel Zim (an alternative satellite channel) and VOA Zimbabwe both broadcast via inexpensive free-to-air decoders.[94] Eight newly licensed local commercial stations have been commissioned, but were not yet on air as of 2020.[94]

Commercial stations tend to show similar trends in programming, with high percentages of music, talk radio or phone-in programs, and sports, with only infrequent news bulletins. Despite the country's 16 official languages, virtually all broadcasts occur in English, Shona, and Ndebele.[94]

Notable institutions

Culture

National Gallery of Zimbabwe

Harare has a strong cultural and artistic scene that often responds to ongoing economic and political crises, offering opportunities for satire, experimentation, and reinvention. While authors and musicians such as

southern hemisphere.[96]

The city is also the site of the Harare International Festival of the Arts (HIFA), which has featured such acclaimed artists as Cape Verdean singer Sara Tavares.[97] HIFA was cancelled in 2019, and it is unclear whether it has been held in subsequent years.[98]

Harare is home to several notable museums and monuments. The National Gallery of Zimbabwe exhibits Shona art and stone sculpture. The Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences near Rotten Row documents the archaeology of Southern Africa through the Stone Age and into the Iron Age. Artifacts, newspapers, and other items from milestones in Zimbabwe's history can be found at the National Archives. The Heroes' Acre is a burial ground and national monument, whose purpose is to commemorate both pro-independence fighters killed during the Rhodesian Bush War and contemporary Zimbabweans who have served their country and are buried at the site.[citation needed]

Private cultural institutions include Chapungu Sculpture Park in the Msasa Park neighborhood, which displays the work of Zimbabwean stone sculptors. It was founded in 1970 by Roy Guthrie, who was instrumental in promoting the work of its sculptors worldwide.[citation needed] One notable example of architecture in Harare is the Eastgate Centre, a shopping mall with an innovative design, located equidistant from Unity Square and Borrowdale.

Green spaces

Harare has been nicknamed Zimbabwe's "Sunshine City" for its abundant parks and outdoor amenities.[43] There is an abundance of parks and gardens across town, many close to the CBD, with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways, and tree-lined avenues.[43][failed verification] Harare's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Zimbabwe's major cities.[citation needed] There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs, particularly in the affluent suburbs of Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant, and Glen Lorne, located northeast of the central business district.[citation needed]

Within the city, prominent green spaces include:[citation needed]

Other sites near the City of Harare include Lake Chivero Dam and Recreational Park, Epworth's balancing rocks, Ewanrigg Botanical Gardens, Domboshava National Monument, Lion and Cheetah Park, and Vaughn Animal Sanctuary.[citation needed]

Places of worship

Most

places of worship in Harare are Christian churches and temples.[citation needed] Some of the denominations active in Harare, and their associated places of worship, include: Assemblies of God, Baptist Convention of Zimbabwe (Baptist World Alliance), Reformed Church in Zimbabwe (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Church of the Province of Central Africa (Anglican Communion), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Harare (Catholic Church).[100]

Sister cities

Harare has co-operation agreements, partnerships, or sister city agreements with the following towns:[101]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Zimstat. "2012 Population Census National Report" (PDF). Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  2. ^ Zimstat. "2012 Population Report: Harare" (PDF). Retrieved 20 September 2020.
  3. ^ Zimstat. "2019 Labour Force Report" (PDF). Retrieved 20 September 2020.
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Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Harare
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Harare.
  • Media related to Harare at Wikimedia Commons
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