2020s in African history
The political history of Africa in the 2020s covers political events on the continent, other than elections, from 2020 onwards.
History by country
Algeria
In July 2021,
On 18 August 2021, Tebboune chaired an extraordinary meeting of the High Security Council[6] to review Algeria's relations to Morocco. The president ordered an intensification of security controls at the borders.[7][8][9] On 24 August 2021, Algerian foreign minister Ramtane Lamamra announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco.[10][11] On 27 August 2021, Morocco closed the country's embassy in Algiers, Algeria.[12] Furthermore, on 22 September 2021, Algeria's Supreme Security Council determined to close its airspace to all Moroccan civilian and military aircraft.[13]
Burkina Faso
A coup d'état was launched in Burkina Faso on 23 January 2022.[14] Gunfire erupted in front of the presidential residence in the Burkinabé capital Ouagadougou and several military barracks around the city.[15] Soldiers were reported to have seized control of the military base in the capital.[16] The government denied there was an active coup in the country.[17] Several hours later, President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré was reported to have been detained by the soldiers at the military camp in the capital.[18] On 24 January, the military announced on television that Kaboré had been deposed from his position as president.[19] After the announcement, the military declared that the parliament, government and constitution had been dissolved.[20] The coup d'état was led by military officer Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba.[21]
A statement from the Twitter account of Roch Marc Christian Kaboré urged dialogue and invited the opposing soldiers to lay down arms but did not address whether he was in detention.
Military captain Sidsoré Kader Ouedraogo said the Patriotic Movement for Safeguarding and Restoration "has decided to assume its responsibilities before history." In a statement, he said soldiers were putting an end to Kaboré's presidency because of the deteriorating security situation amid the deepening
Chad
Presidential elections were held in Chad on 11 April 2021. Incumbent Idriss Déby, who served five consecutive terms since seizing power in the 1990 coup d'état, was running for a sixth. Déby was described as an authoritarian by several international media sources, and as "strongly entrenched". During previous elections, he forbade the citizens of Chad from making posts online, and while Chad's total ban on social media use was lifted in 2019, restrictions continue to exist.
Provisional results released on April 19 showed that incumbent president Idriss Déby won reelection with 79% of the vote.[29] However, on 20 April it was announced by the military that Déby had been killed in action while leading his country's troops in a battle against rebels calling themselves the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT).[30][31]
Following president Déby's death, a body called the
Democratic Republic of Congo
Thirty-two members of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo died of COVID-19.[35]
Eswatini
The Prime Minister Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini died of COVID-19 in 2020.[36]
A
Ethiopia
Tensions began to rise again between Ethiopia and Eritrea, after several years of efforts to negotiate peace, due to possible border disputes.[37][38][39]
After having won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's government adopted some policies which raised some concerns about political developments in Ethiopia. Abiy dissolved the governing coalition and formed a new party, the Prosperity Party; some said the imposition of a brand-new political party was detrimental to political stability. Also, the government enacted some restrictions on some forms of expression which raised concern about standards of free speech.[40][41] Abiy's response to rebel groups has raised some concerns about undue harshness, although some others allege that he was originally too lenient.[42][43] Amnesty International raised concerns about the status of one opposition leader.[44][45] Abiy encouraged Ethiopian refugees to return home, due to improving conditions.[46]
On November 4, 2020, the Ethiopian National Defense Force launched a civil war against the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in the Tigray Region, which it claimed was in response to an attack on its troops.[47] This followed month of feuding between the central and regional governments over elections and funding.[47] The Tigray forces launched rockets at the airport of Asmara, capital of neighbouring Eritrea, claiming that forces from there had taken part in the offensive.[48] Amnesty International reported that a massacre had taken place in Tigray, with TPLF-affiliated forces claimed to be responsible.[49]
Concurrently, there was also
Gabon
On 30 August 2023, a
Guinea
In 2020,
Guinea-Bissau
A
Kenya
The Camp Simba attack by Al-Shabaab in January 2020 killed three Americans.[65]
Lesotho
On 10 January 2020, an arrest warrant was issued for First Lady Maesiah Thabane, who was wanted in connection with the 2017 murder of Lipolelo Thabane.[66] Maesaih Thabane went into hiding and Prime Minister Tom Thabane announced his intent to resign from office shortly after her arrest warrant was issued.[66] On 20 February 2020, police announced that Thabane would also be charged with murder in the case.[67]
Libya
A conference between representatives of Mediterranean Basin powers implicated in the Libyan armed conflict as well as Algeria, the Republic of Congo and major world powers took place in Berlin on 19 January 2020,[68] declaring a 55-point list of Conclusions, creating a military 5+5 GNA+LNA followup committee, and an International Follow-up Committee to monitor progress in the peace process.[69] In the intra-Libyan component of the 3-point process, the economic track was launched on 6 January 2020 in a meeting in Tunis between a diverse selection of 19 Libyan economic experts.[70] The military track of the intra-Libyan negotiations started on 3 February with the 5+5 Libyan Joint Military Commission meeting in Geneva, between 5 senior military officers selected by the GNA and 5 selected by the LNA leader Khalifa Haftar. A major aim was to negotiate detailed monitoring to strengthen the 12 January ceasefire.[71][72] The intra-Libyan political track was started on 26 February 2020 in Geneva.[73] Salamé resigned from his UNSMIL position in early March 2020.[74]
A 21 August 2020 announcement by GNA leader
The three-track intra-Libyan negotiations, chaired by
Malawi
The Constitutional Court ordered a re-run of the 2019 Malawian general election following “widespread, systematic and grave” problems with the process, leading to the 2020 Malawian presidential election.[81]
Mali
On 18 August 2020, elements of the Malian Armed Forces began a coup.[82][83] Soldiers on pick-up trucks stormed the Soundiata military base in the town of Kati, where gunfire was exchanged before weapons were distributed from the armory and senior officers arrested.[84][85] Tanks and armoured vehicles were seen on the town's streets,[86] as well as military trucks heading for the capital, Bamako.[87] The soldiers detained several government officials including the President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta who resigned and dissolved the government.[88]
The
Morocco
In November 2020, the Polisario Front declared it had broken a 30-year truce and attacked Moroccan forces in Western Sahara as part of the Western Sahara conflict.[94]
Mozambique
The insurgency in Cabo Delgado intensified with events such as the 2020 Mozambique attacks, the Mocímboa da Praia offensive in 2020 and the Battle of Palma in 2021.
Niger
The
On 26 July 2023, another
Nigeria
The End SARS movement protested the abuses committed by the Special Anti-Robbery Squad, but were met with violence which killed at least 12 people.[105]
Somalia
On 14 April 2021, acting President
The
On 27 December 2021, President
Presidential elections were held in
After three rounds, involving 38 candidates, parliamentary officials counted more than 165 votes in favour of Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, more than the number required to defeat the incumbent president. He was declared president in a peaceful transition of power after the incumbent president conceded defeat and congratulated the victor.[120] Celebratory gunfire rang out in parts of Mogadishu.[121] The United Nations in Somalia welcomed the conclusion of the election, praising the “positive” nature of the electoral process and peaceful transfer of power.[122]
South Africa
Former president Jacob Zuma was taken into custody after declining to testify at the Zondo Commission, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. The Constitutional Court reserved judgement on Zuma's application to rescind his sentence on 12 July 2021.[123][124][125]
Riots and protests took place in South Africa from Friday, 9 July 2021 until Saturday, 17th July 2021, in response to the arrest of Zuma. The riots triggered wider rioting and looting fueled by job layoffs and economic inequality worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic.[126][127] The unrest began in the province of KwaZulu-Natal on the evening of 9 July,[128] and spread to the province of Gauteng on the evening of 11 July.[129][130]
South Sudan
The
Sudan
In January 2020, progress was made in peace negotiations, in the areas of land, transitional justice and system of government issues via the Darfur track of negotiations. SRF and Sovereignty Council representatives agreed on the creation of a
On 26 January, a "final" peace agreement for the northern track, including issues of studies for new dams, compensation for people displaced by existing dams, road construction and burial of electronic and nuclear waste, was signed by Shamseldin Kabashi of the Sovereignty Council and Dahab Ibrahim of the Kush Movement.[136][137][138]
In February 2020, a new unity government was announced, to govern the entire country, with the support of all sides of the conflict.[139][140] As one part of the agreement, the current cabinet was disbanded, in order to enable more opposition members to be appointed to cabinet roles.[141][142][143][144] In March 2020, negotiators and officials on both sides of the conflict attempted to work out arrangements to facilitate the appointment of civilian governors for various regions, in concert with ongoing peace efforts.[145] The EU announced its support for the peace efforts and pledged to provide financial support of 100 million Euros.[146]
The
On 25 October 2021, the
The junta later agreed to hand over authority to a civilian-led government, with a formal agreement scheduled to be signed on 6 April 2023.[152] However, it was delayed due to tensions between generals Burhan and Dagalo, who serve as chairman and deputy chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council, respectively.[153] Chief among their political disputes is the integration of the RSF into the military.[154] One issue of contention is the RSF's insistence on a ten-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the regular army demands it be done in two years.[155] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief – rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief – who is currently Burhan.[156] As a sign of their rift, Dagalo expressed regret over the October 2021 coup.[157]
On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of
Tunisia
The
On 24 August, Saied extended the suspension of parliament although the constitution states the parliament can only be suspended for a month, raising concerns in some quarters about the future of democracy in the country.[163] On 22 September, President Saied issued a decree that grants him full presidential powers with the potential of the change of Tunisia's constitution, its transformation into a presidential republic and maybe even the dissolution of the parliament.[164] Earlier that day, Seifeddine Makhlouf and Fayçal Tebbini, both members of parliament were jailed.[165]
In October 2021, Saied appointed
Uganda
Unrest killed at least 45 people after the arrest of opposition leader
Zambia
Zambia faces sovereign default as the first sub-Saharan African country since 2005 due to economic mismanagement by the government of Edgar Lungu, who has grown public debt from 32% to 120% and has scared off investment by seizing mines.[171] Debt servicing takes up four times more money from the budget than healthcare.[172] Much of the money is believed to have been lost to corruption.[172] The main opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema has been arrested.[171] The electoral roll has been nulled and only 30 days have been given for re-registration.[172] Comparisons have been drawn to neighbouring Zimbabwe.[172]
See also
- 2020s in political history
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