2020s in electoral politics
2020s in electoral politics refers to events and outcomes from elections all around the world, during the decade of the 2020s.
Africa
Benin
Presidential elections were held in Benin on 11 April 2021 to elect the President of the Republic of Benin for a five-year term. Incumbent president Patrice Talon was re-elected for a second term in office with 86% of the vote.[1]
Burkina Faso
Burundi
General elections were held in Burundi on 20 May 2020 to elect both the president and the National Assembly.[4] Évariste Ndayishimiye of the ruling CNDD–FDD was elected president with 71% of the vote. In the National Assembly elections, the CNDD–FDD won 72 of the 100 elected seats. The Conference of Bishops of Burundi issued a statement criticizing the transparency and freedom of the election process. The church deployed around 2,716 observers across Burundi's 119 municipalities. The conference's observers witnessed intimidation and expulsion of opposition observers from the polling and vote counting stations. The church condemned the ruling party for engaging in national election fraud.[5][6] The East African Community issued a statement saying that "The 2020 Burundi elections hold an iconic place in the history of the nation, marking this the first peaceful and democratic transfer of power. More significantly, the process was domestically driven through own funding. The peaceful conclusion of the electoral process will not only be a big win for the people of Burundi, but for the East African Community as a region."[7]
Cameroon
Parliamentary elections were held in Cameroon on 9 February 2020.[8] The Cameroon People's Democratic Movement retained its majority in parliament, winning 139 of the 167 seats decided on election day. The ongoing Anglophone Crisis dominated the process, with supporters of Ambazonia calling for a boycott of the election. Ensuing violence resulted in a low turnout in the Northwest Region and Southwest Region, with separatists claiming that 98 percent of eligible voters had boycotted the election.[9]
Cape Verde
Parliamentary elections were held in Cape Verde on 18 April 2021. The current prime minister, Ulisses Correia e Silva of the Christian democrat Movement for Democracy (MpD) party, won re-election after five years of government.[10] His main contender was Janira Hopffer Almada, of the moderate socialist African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV). The two parties have been the dominant political forces in Cape Verde since its democratization, but several new parties were taking part in the election.[11]
Comoros
Cote d’Ivoire
Presidential elections were held in Ivory Coast on 31 October 2020. The election, boycotted by the opposition, saw the reelection of incumbent Alassane Ouattara. Several people were killed in clashes in Toumodi,[15] as well as Tiébissou.[16]
Djibouti
Presidential elections were held in Djibouti on 9 April 2021.[17] Incumbent president Ismaïl Omar Guelleh was re-elected for his fifth five-year term, having served in the role since 1999.[18]
Ghana
Guinea
Mali
Parliamentary elections were held in Mali on 29 March 2020, with a second round on 19 April.[31] They were initially scheduled to be held on 25 November and 16 December 2018,[32] but were moved to April 2019 and then to June 2019,[33][34] before being postponed until 2020 by the Council of Ministers.[35] The elections were marred by violence in the north and center of the country.[36]
Incidents on April 19 prevented some people from casting votes, and on 30 April the Constitutional Court overturned the results in 31 districts, giving Rally for Mali, which is led by President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, ten more seats than originally expected.[37] Opposition parties led by Iman Mahmoud Dicko established the Mouvement du 5 juin - Rassemblement des forces patriotiques (in French) (June 5 Movement - Rally of Patriotic Forces) on 30 May, and thousands took to the streets in protest on 5 June.[37]
President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Imam Mahmoud Dicko met on 5 July,[39] but the opposition continued to call for civil disobedience to force Keïta's resignation and the dissolution of Parliament.[37] Protests turned violent on 10 July.[37] For the next three days, protesters in Bamako clashed with security forces,[40] and security forces reportedly fired live rounds at the protesters, killing at least 11 and injuring 124.[41]
Nigeria
Nigeria portal |
The 2023 Nigerian presidential election was held on 25 February 2023[a] to elect the president and Vice President of Nigeria.[42] Bola Tinubu, a former
The candidates were nominated in the party primaries conducted between 4 April and 9 June 2022. Incumbent
The general election was noted by initially high projected turnout and lack of a peaceful voting process. It was marred by reports of vote buying, voter intimidation, attacks on polling units in certain areas, and unpunctual electoral officials along with accusations of outright fraud;[53][54] to compound issues with trust in the election, Independent National Electoral Commission officials failed to upload polling unit results to the INEC result viewing portal as previously assured would happen on election day.[55][56][57] As state results started to be announced on 26 February at the national collation centre in Abuja, opposition emerged as results data had still not been fully uploaded prior to their announcement in accordance with the law.[58][59] These circumstances along with statements critical of INEC from observers and civil society groups led the Abubakar, Obi, and Rabi'u Kwankwaso campaigns to question and then officially reject the announced election results by 28 February.[60][61][62][63] All three main opposition campaigns, in addition to some civil society groups and former President Olusegun Obasanjo, called on the commission to rerun the election due to fraud and violence.[64][65][66][67][68] Meanwhile, the Tinubu campaign praised the commission and called for the arrest of PDP spokesmen for "incitement of violence".[69] In the early morning of 1 March, INEC chairman Mahmood Yakubu declared Tinubu as the victory after all state results were collated.[70] In response, Abubakar, Obi, and Rabi'u Kwankwaso rejected and vowed to challenge the results.[71] On 2 March, Peter Obi claimed he won the election and would prove it,[72] and both he and Atiku separately filed formal petitions challenging Tinubu's victory on 22 March.[73][74]
Seychelles
General elections were held in Seychelles on 22–24 October 2020 to elect the President and members of the National Assembly.[75] The National Assembly elections had been due in 2021,[76] but in July 2020 were brought forward by President Danny Faure in order to hold them together with the presidential elections, a proposal supported by opposition parties.[77][78]
The presidential elections were won by Wavel Ramkalawan of the Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS), with the LDS also increasing its majority in the National Assembly, winning 25 of the 35 seats.
Somalia
Somalia portal |
Presidential elections were held in
The elections were first scheduled to end on 24 December 2021.
Tanzania
General elections were held in Tanzania on 28 October 2020 to elect the President and National Assembly.[93] The presidential election was won by incumbent John Magufuli of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party.[94] On 24 October 2020 the opposition claimed that the government was interfering in the election by making it more difficult to accredit thousands of opposition electoral observers, whose job is to ensure that the election is fair.[95] The opposition has also claimed that the National Electoral Commission, whose members are appointed by the president, have barred the challenger Lissu from campaigning while letting the incumbent Magufuli campaign.[96] From 27 October, the Tanzania Communication Regulatory Authority (TCRA) blocked several popular social media websites to restrict communication amid violence in the islands of Zanzibar, where dozens have been shot dead and tens have been injured by the police and other security forces.[95] Tanzania electoral watch panel,[97] USA State Department,[98] Commonwealth,[99] and European Union[100] were very critical about the elections.
Togo
Presidential elections were held in Togo on 22 February 2020.[101] Incumbent president Faure Gnassingbé of the Union for the Republic (UPR) was re-elected for his fourth term with 71% of the vote in the first round.[102] His closest challenger was Agbéyomé Kodjo, a former prime minister and leader of the newly established Patriotic Movement for Democracy and Development, who received 19% of the vote.
After observing the elections, ECOWAS determined that they were free and transparent, commending the population for its peaceful participation as an improvement from protests years prior against the long reign of the Gnassingbe family.[103] However, sporadic internet shutdowns were recorded across the capital and other major cities, prompting both international watchdogs and opposition parties to question the results.[104]
On 25 February Kodjo filed a petition at the Constitutional Court asking it to overturn the results.[105] Three days later, he and Kpodzro called for public protests, resulting in the military surrounding their homes and the Ministry of Territorial Administration stating that protests would be illegal.[105] Members of the National Assembly responded by accusing Kodjo of planning a coup.[106]
Asia
Azerbaijan
Parliamentary elections were held in Azerbaijan on 9 February 2020.[107] They were originally scheduled to take place in November 2020,[108] but were brought forward after parliament was dissolved in December 2019.[107] Opposition parties accused President Ilham Aliyev of limiting their ability to campaign, and called for a boycott of the election. The ruling New Azerbaijan Party retained its majority, winning 72 of the 125 seats, although this was later reduced to 70 when results in two constituencies were annulled. The second largest party (the Civic Solidarity Party) won only three seats.
China
On 23 October 2022, Xi Jinping is elected as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party by the Central Committee, beginning a third term of the paramount leader of China.[109]
India
The premiership of
In 2019, he was elected as the
Some media accuse India has experienced democratic backsliding under his premiership,[116] however this claim is denied by other sources.[117][118]
Japan
On 29 September 2021, Fumio Kishida defeated Taro Kono in a runoff vote to become the leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and replaced outgoing party leader Yoshihide Suga. He received a total of 257 votes, from 249 parliament members and eight rank-and-file members, to become Japan's next prime minister.[119] Kishida's Cabinet, which took office on 4 October 2021, consists of 21 members, including 13 who joined the Cabinet for the first time while also including 2 veterans, Toshimitsu Motegi and Nobuo Kishi who retained their respective posts from the previous cabinet under Suga.[120] Kishida announced he would call a general election for 31 October 2021.[121]
Mongolia
Myanmar
General elections were held in Myanmar on 8 November 2020, in which the National League for Democracy won 396 out of 476 seats in parliament, while the military's proxy party, the Union Solidarity and Development Party, won only 33 seats.[125] In the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état, democratically elected members of the ruling National League for Democracy were detained and/or deposed from their offices by the Tatmadaw; Myanmar's military.
North Korea
At the
South Korea
The Democratic Party and its satellite, the
Sri Lanka
Parliamentary elections in Sri Lanka were held on 5 August 2020 to elect 225 members to Sri Lanka's 16th Parliament.[129][130][131] The incumbent Sri Lanka People's Freedom Alliance coalition claimed a landslide victory in the election, winning 145 seats,[132][133][134] while Samagi Jana Balawegaya won 54 seats, Tamil National Alliance won 10 seats and National People's Power won 3 seats.[135][136][137] The main opposition United National Party suffered the worst showing in its history following a split over party leadership, finishing in fourth place with only one seat.[138] The election was postponed at least twice due to a surge in COVID-19 cases in the country, before the date was finalized as 5 August 2020.[139][140]
Tajikistan
Parliamentary elections were held in Tajikistan on 1 March 2020.[141] The result was a landslide victory for the ruling People's Democratic Party, which won 47 of the 63 seats. The only opposition party, the Social Democratic Party, received just 0.3% of the vote.[142] The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe was critical of the election.[142]
Vietnam
On 31 January 2021, Nguyễn Phú Trọng is re-elected for a third five-year term as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam.[143]
Europe
Albania
Parliamentary elections were held in Albania on 25 April 2021.[144] The Socialist Party of Albania retained its majority.
Czech Republic
Presidential elections were held in the Czech Republic in January 2023, resulting in the election of Petr Pavel. Incumbent president
The first round took place on 13 and 14 January.
The second round was held on 27 and 28 January. Pavel won the runoff against Babiš with 58.33% of the vote to become the
Croatia
The
Estonia
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 5 March 2023 to elect all 101 members of the Riigikogu. The officially published election data indicate the victory of the Reform Party, which won 37 seats in total, while the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) placed second with 17 seats. The Centre Party won 16 seats, a loss of 10, while Estonia 200 won 14 seats, gaining representation in the Riigikogu.
After the
In January 2023, the National Electoral Committee announced that nine political parties and ten individual candidates had registered to take part in the 2023 parliamentary election. During the campaign period, issues discussed most extensively regarded the Estonian economy, and the country's national defence and security due to the current
Greece
Presidential elections were held in Greece on Wednesday 22 January 2020 for the President of the Hellenic Republic. Incumbent president Prokopis Pavlopoulos, who was elected by the Hellenic Parliament on the 18 February 2015, was eligible for re-election but was not suggested by the government. Katerina Sakellaropoulou won the election with 261 votes. She was elected as the 13th and first female President of Greece.[159]
Iceland
Presidential elections were held in Iceland on 27 June 2020.[160] Absentee voting opened on 25 May 2020.[161] Incumbent president Guðni Th. Jóhannesson was re-elected with 92% of the vote.
Ireland
The
Italy
The
In a record-low
As a result of the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum, the size of Parliament was reduced to 400 members of the Chamber of Deputies and 200 members of the Senate of the Republic to be elected, down from 630 and 315, respectively.[180][181] In addition, the minimum voting age for the Senate was the same as for the Chamber (18 years old and no longer 25), which marked the first time the two houses had identical electorates.[182]
Observers commented that the results shifted theMoldova
The 2020 Moldovan presidential election was won by Maia Sandu becoming the first female president and promising reform of the country's corruption.[196] After entering office, she demanded the withdrawal of Russian troops from Transnistria.[197]
North Macedonia
Early parliamentary elections were held in North Macedonia on 15 July 2020.[198] It was originally scheduled for November 2020, but Prime Minister Zoran Zaev called early elections after the European Council failed to come to an agreement on starting talks with North Macedonia on joining the European Union in October 2019. The election date was set for 12 April, but was postponed until July due to the COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia.[199]
Poland
The
Portugal
Legislative elections in 2022 resulted in the Socialist Party winning an unexpected majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the second time in the party's history.[202] Incumbent Prime Minister António Costa returned to the post until his resignation, triggering snap elections in 2024.[203]
Snap legislative elections were held on 10 March 2024 to elect members of the Assembly of the Republic to the 16th Legislature of Portugal. All 230 seats to the Assembly of the Republic were up for election. The elections were called in November 2023 after Prime Minister António Costa's resignation following an investigation around alleged corruption involving the award of contracts for lithium and hydrogen businesses.[204]
No party achieved an absolute majority of seats, with the centre-right Democratic Alliance (AD) led by Luís Montenegro winning 80 seats, closely followed by the Socialist Party (PS), which lost the absolute majority it had gained in the 2022 elections, and was reduced to 78 seats. The election also saw the surge of the right-wing populist Chega party as the third-largest party in parliament, more than quadrupling its previous seat count to 50 seats. Turnout in the election was at 59.9 percent, the highest since 2005, and in Portugal alone, turnout rose to 66.2%, the highest rate since 1995.Romania
The 2020 parliamentary election had a record low turnout of 31.84 percent due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the ruling centre-right coalition winning the election, and the far-right Alliance for the Union of Romanians entering the legislature for the first time boosted by vaccine skepticism.[205]
Serbia
Slovakia
North America
United States of America
2020 elections
The 2020 United States elections were held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. The Democratic Party's nominee, former vice president Joe Biden, defeated incumbent Republican president Donald Trump in the presidential election. Despite losing seats in the House of Representatives, Democrats retained control of the House and gained control of the Senate. As a result, the Democrats obtained a government trifecta, the first time since the elections in 2008 that the party gained unified control of Congress and the presidency.[211] With Trump losing his bid for re-election, he became the first defeated incumbent president to have overseen his party lose the presidency and control of both the House and the Senate since Herbert Hoover in 1932.[212][213] This was the first time since 1980 that either chamber of Congress flipped partisan control in a presidential year, and the first time Democrats did so since 1948.
Biden became his party's nominee after defeating numerous challengers in the
Regularly-scheduled elections were held in 86 of the 99 state legislative chambers, and 11 states held their gubernatorial elections. Only one state governorship and two legislative chambers changed partisan control, as Republicans won the gubernatorial race in Montana and gained control of both legislative chambers in New Hampshire. Various other state executive and judicial elections, as well as numerous referendums, tribal elections, mayoral elections, and other local elections, also took place in 2020. The 2020 elections were the last major set of elections to impact the redistricting cycle that will take place following the 2020 census. Significant issues for voters included the ongoing
South America
Bolivia
The
See also
Notes
- ^ Due to disruptions—mainly violence or technical issues—on election day, INEC either postponed or extended voting to 26 February in certain affected areas.
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