Abu Ali Iyad

Abu Ali Iyad
وليد أحمد نمر
Abu Ali Iyad; وليد أحمد نمر
	Al-Assifa
Rank	Commander
Battles/wars	War of Attrition Battle of Karameh; ; Jordanian Civil War Ajlun offensive †; ;

Walid Ahmad Nimr (

Palestinian field commander based in Syria and Jordan

during the 1960s and early 1970s.

After a career of teaching in the West Bank, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Algeria, Abu Ali Iyad was recruited into the paramilitary group, Fatah, by Khalil al-Wazir in 1964 after graduating from an Algerian military training course. A year later, he became one of Fatah's first leaders in Syria along with al-Wazir and Yasser Arafat. During his time there, Abu Ali Iyad gained a position on the group's top political body, supervised its main guerrilla training camp in Daraa and set up a military intelligence headquarters.

As a Fatah field commander, he fought

Wasfi al-Tal

four months after Abu Ali Iyad's death.

Early life

Abu Ali Iyad was born in

Algerian Army, graduating from its training course in the summer of 1964.^[2]

Fatah command

While in Algeria, Abu Ali Iyad was recruited into the Palestinian nationalist paramilitary organization Fatah by the leader of its armed wing Khalil al-Wazir.^[2] He adopted his nom de guerre after joining.^[3] Fatah at the time was divided politically with the more non-violent leadership based in Kuwait and those supporting attacks against Israel based in Syria. Abu Ali Iyad, along with al-Wazir, Yasser Arafat, and three others in the Syrian camp, formed the organization's "emergency" field command in Damascus in 1965.^[1]^[2]

A year later al-Wazir, Arafat, and much of the Fatah military leadership were arrested by Syrian authorities loyal to

al-Assifa, against Israel, launching attacks from Lebanon and Jordan and thus co-opting al-Assad's efforts to circumvent their activity.^[4]^[5] Abu Ali Iyad himself was arrested later by the Syrian authorities.^[1]^[6] He was released along with Arafat and two other Fatah leaders in August. Abu Ali Iyad then met al-Assad in person to sign an agreement on the terms of Fatah's presence and activities in Syria.^[5]

Following the release of the rest of Fatah's leadership, the

Manara, Margaliot, and Beit Yosef. In the latter village, his unit was responsible for wounding two civilians and destroying three houses by explosives.^[7]

Also after his release, in 1966, Abu Ali Iyad became the chief military instructor of a training camp for Fatah recruits in the city of

Dera'a, southern Syria. Its principal task was to penetrate the Jordanian Army and security agencies.^[10]

Commander in Jordan

He moved to Jordan in 1968 where he trained Fatah forces in

Jordanian Army entered the fray on Fatah's side.^[8] He continued to organize raids against Israeli army camps and towns in Israel and the West Bank while he was based in Jordan.^[7]

Relations between the PLO and

armed conflict ensued between Palestinian and Jordanian forces.^[8] Prior to Jordanian military action, Abu Ali Iyad lobbied his colleagues in Fatah, who supported the forced ousting of the king, to withdraw from Amman and return to the countryside closer to the border with Israel.^[1]^[11] Palestinian factions did not heed his calls and their military bases in Amman were shelled by Jordanian forces. On September 17, an emergency meeting of PLO factions was held with the majority of those attending favoring confrontation with King Hussein's troops. Supporting al-Wazir, who was one of the few delegates to have reservations, Abu Ali Iyad argued against confrontation and warned that expectations of Syrian intervention on the side of the Palestinians was improbable.^[12] The Jordanians succeeded in defeating PLO forces in Amman and about 2,000 Palestinian guerrillas under al-Wazir's leadership evacuated the city northward to Ajlun.^[13]

Abu Ali Iyad was part of the field command there along with al-Wazir. They headed a force of roughly 2,500 guerrillas in the hilly terrain around Ajlun and Jerash.^[13] Their position was vulnerable due to the ineffectiveness of Palestinian guerrilla warfare against Jordanian armor in open areas versus urban warfare in the cities and Palestinian refugee camps.^[8] Most of the PLO leadership, including Arafat and al-Wazir, and hundreds of guerrillas escaped Jordan in April 1971 following pressure from Arab states, confiscation of weapons by the Jordanian Army and the closing of PLO offices in Amman.^[13] Abu Ali Iyad refused to do so, however, and he and his Tiger Cubs stayed put in their Ajlun base where they continued to fight the Jordanian Army.^[8]^[13]

On July 12, King Hussein ordered the evacuation of all guerrilla forces from the strategic mountain in the center of their stronghold in Ajlun.^[14] Hussein personally offered to allow Abu Ali Iyad to depart unharmed if he abandoned his fighters.^[15] He refused and Hussein ordered his troops to track down and kill him within the framework of routing out remaining PLO forces in northern Jordan.^[8] A Jordanian infantry division and armored brigade backed by 10,000 Bedouin foot soldiers immediately launched an offensive afterward. By July 16, Palestinian positions had been secured by the Jordanian Army.^[14] During the Jordanian offensive, 200-250 guerrillas had been killed and 70-100 of Abu Ali's troops fled, crossing the Jordan River to the Israeli-occupied West Bank.^[8]^[14]

Death and aftermath

In early July, prior to the offensive, Abu Ali sent letters to Fatah leaders chastising them for surrendering to King Hussein's forces, stating in defiance "We will die on our feet rather than kneel." On July 23, he was reported killed by the Jordanian Army.

Wasfi Tal, was personally responsible for his torture.^[16]

His partisans sought vengeance for his killing and a splinter group developed within Fatah consisting of men from the Tiger Cubs and other Fatah dissidents.[8] It came to be known as the Black September Organization (BSO) and Abu Ali's men provided its initial membership.^[18] On November 28, one of his former Tiger Cubs, Munshir al-Khalifa, assassinated Tal in Cairo. According to Seale, this was the first attack carried out by the BSO.^[8]

Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish dedicated the poem "Returning to Jaffa" to Abu Ali Iyad.^[19]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Palestinian personalities Archived 2012-04-19 at the Wayback Machine. Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA).
^ ^a ^b ^c Sayigh, 1997, p.123.
^ Bowen, 2004, p.126.
^ Hart, 1994, p.209.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sayigh, 1997, p.128.
^ Rapoport, p.468.
^ ^a ^b PA TV Honors Terrorist Abu Ali Iyad as Hero. Palestinian Media Watch. An excerpt from a Palestinian Authority TV dated February 11, 2010 is cited by Palestinian Media Watch as their source.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Seale, 1992, pp.81-82.
^ Sayigh, 1997, p.183.
^ Sayigh, 1997, p.225.
^ ^a ^b Sayigh, 1997, p.259.
^ Seyigh, p.262.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sayigh, 1997, p.278.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sayigh, 1997, p.279.
^ Genet and Bray, 2003, p.142.
^ ^a ^b Amos, 1980, p.222.
^ Bird, 2010, p.279.
^ Quandt, Jabber and Lesch, 1973, p.141.
^ Returning to Jaffa Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Zajel. An-Najah National University.